Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet
Epidemiological studies reveal a correlation between air pollution exposure and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, yet few studies have investigated the role of inhaled particulate matter on intestinal integrity in conjunction with a high-fat (HF) diet. Additionally, there is currently limited informat...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/9/1445 |
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| author | Danielle T. Phillippi Sarah Daniel Kayla N. Nguyen Bea Angella Penaredondo Amie K. Lund |
| author_facet | Danielle T. Phillippi Sarah Daniel Kayla N. Nguyen Bea Angella Penaredondo Amie K. Lund |
| author_sort | Danielle T. Phillippi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Epidemiological studies reveal a correlation between air pollution exposure and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, yet few studies have investigated the role of inhaled particulate matter on intestinal integrity in conjunction with a high-fat (HF) diet. Additionally, there is currently limited information on probiotics in mitigating air-pollutant responses in the intestines. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and a HF diet can alter intestinal integrity and inflammation, which can be attenuated with probiotics. 4–6-w-old male C57Bl/6 mice on a HF diet (45% kcal fat) were randomly assigned to be exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 µg of DEP suspended in 35 µL of 0.9% sterile saline or sterile saline (CON) only twice a week for 4 w. A subset of mice was treated with 0.3 g/day of Winclove Ecologic<sup>®</sup> barrier probiotics (PRO) in drinking water throughout the duration of the study. Our results show that DEP exposure ± probiotics resulted in increased goblet cells and mucin (MUC)-2 expression, as determined by AB/PAS staining. Immunofluorescent quantification and/or RT-qPCR showed that DEP exposure increases claudin-3, occludin, zona occludens (ZO)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression compared to CON. DEP exposure + probiotics increases expression of claudin-3, occludin, ZO-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 and decreases MMP-9 and TLR-4 compared to CON + PRO in the small intestine. Collectively, these results show that DEP exposure alters intestinal integrity and inflammation in conjunction with a HF diet. Probiotics proved fundamental in understanding the role of the microbiome in protecting and altering inflammatory responses in the intestines following exposure to inhaled DEP. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:16:37Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:16:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-088bb0c139eb437c982af03272faffb12023-11-23T07:59:20ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-04-01119144510.3390/cells11091445Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat DietDanielle T. Phillippi0Sarah Daniel1Kayla N. Nguyen2Bea Angella Penaredondo3Amie K. Lund4Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USAEpidemiological studies reveal a correlation between air pollution exposure and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, yet few studies have investigated the role of inhaled particulate matter on intestinal integrity in conjunction with a high-fat (HF) diet. Additionally, there is currently limited information on probiotics in mitigating air-pollutant responses in the intestines. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and a HF diet can alter intestinal integrity and inflammation, which can be attenuated with probiotics. 4–6-w-old male C57Bl/6 mice on a HF diet (45% kcal fat) were randomly assigned to be exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 µg of DEP suspended in 35 µL of 0.9% sterile saline or sterile saline (CON) only twice a week for 4 w. A subset of mice was treated with 0.3 g/day of Winclove Ecologic<sup>®</sup> barrier probiotics (PRO) in drinking water throughout the duration of the study. Our results show that DEP exposure ± probiotics resulted in increased goblet cells and mucin (MUC)-2 expression, as determined by AB/PAS staining. Immunofluorescent quantification and/or RT-qPCR showed that DEP exposure increases claudin-3, occludin, zona occludens (ZO)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression compared to CON. DEP exposure + probiotics increases expression of claudin-3, occludin, ZO-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 and decreases MMP-9 and TLR-4 compared to CON + PRO in the small intestine. Collectively, these results show that DEP exposure alters intestinal integrity and inflammation in conjunction with a HF diet. Probiotics proved fundamental in understanding the role of the microbiome in protecting and altering inflammatory responses in the intestines following exposure to inhaled DEP.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/9/1445intestinal integritydiesel exhaust particulate mattermucosal barriertight junctionsprobioticshigh-fat diet |
| spellingShingle | Danielle T. Phillippi Sarah Daniel Kayla N. Nguyen Bea Angella Penaredondo Amie K. Lund Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet Cells intestinal integrity diesel exhaust particulate matter mucosal barrier tight junctions probiotics high-fat diet |
| title | Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet |
| title_full | Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet |
| title_fullStr | Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet |
| title_short | Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet |
| title_sort | probiotics function as immunomodulators in the intestine in c57bl 6 male mice exposed to inhaled diesel exhaust particles on a high fat diet |
| topic | intestinal integrity diesel exhaust particulate matter mucosal barrier tight junctions probiotics high-fat diet |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/9/1445 |
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