Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System
The kidneys and heart share functions with the common goal of maintaining homeostasis. When kidney injury occurs, many compounds, the so-called “uremic retention solutes” or “uremic toxins,” accumulate in the circulation targeting other tissues. The accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sul...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.686249/full |
| _version_ | 1818916245994471424 |
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| author | Carlos Alexandre Falconi Carolina Victoria da Cruz Junho Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz Imara Caridad Stable Vernier Regiane Stafim da Cunha Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos |
| author_facet | Carlos Alexandre Falconi Carolina Victoria da Cruz Junho Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz Imara Caridad Stable Vernier Regiane Stafim da Cunha Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos |
| author_sort | Carlos Alexandre Falconi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The kidneys and heart share functions with the common goal of maintaining homeostasis. When kidney injury occurs, many compounds, the so-called “uremic retention solutes” or “uremic toxins,” accumulate in the circulation targeting other tissues. The accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and inorganic phosphate leads to a loss of a substantial number of body functions. Although the concept of uremic toxins is dated to the 1960s, the molecular mechanisms capable of leading to renal and cardiovascular injuries are not yet known. Besides, the greatest toxic effects appear to be induced by compounds that are difficult to remove by dialysis. Considering the close relationship between renal and cardiovascular functions, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production, clearance and overall impact of uremic toxins is extremely relevant for the understanding of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Thus, the present study has as main focus to present an extensive review on the impact of uremic toxins in the cardiovascular system, bringing the state of the art on the subject as well as clinical implications related to patient’s therapy affected by chronic kidney disease, which represents high mortality of patients with cardiac comorbidities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:15:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-08c9e1630e9640be8141cf9b27fcbaa7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:15:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-08c9e1630e9640be8141cf9b27fcbaa72022-12-21T20:00:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-05-011210.3389/fphys.2021.686249686249Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular SystemCarlos Alexandre Falconi0Carolina Victoria da Cruz Junho1Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz2Imara Caridad Stable Vernier3Regiane Stafim da Cunha4Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen5Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos6Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilExperimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, BrazilExperimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilThe kidneys and heart share functions with the common goal of maintaining homeostasis. When kidney injury occurs, many compounds, the so-called “uremic retention solutes” or “uremic toxins,” accumulate in the circulation targeting other tissues. The accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and inorganic phosphate leads to a loss of a substantial number of body functions. Although the concept of uremic toxins is dated to the 1960s, the molecular mechanisms capable of leading to renal and cardiovascular injuries are not yet known. Besides, the greatest toxic effects appear to be induced by compounds that are difficult to remove by dialysis. Considering the close relationship between renal and cardiovascular functions, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production, clearance and overall impact of uremic toxins is extremely relevant for the understanding of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Thus, the present study has as main focus to present an extensive review on the impact of uremic toxins in the cardiovascular system, bringing the state of the art on the subject as well as clinical implications related to patient’s therapy affected by chronic kidney disease, which represents high mortality of patients with cardiac comorbidities.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.686249/fulluremic toxinscardiorenal syndromeimmune susteminflammationcardiovascular diseasesrenal diseases |
| spellingShingle | Carlos Alexandre Falconi Carolina Victoria da Cruz Junho Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz Imara Caridad Stable Vernier Regiane Stafim da Cunha Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System Frontiers in Physiology uremic toxins cardiorenal syndrome immune sustem inflammation cardiovascular diseases renal diseases |
| title | Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System |
| title_full | Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System |
| title_fullStr | Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System |
| title_short | Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System |
| title_sort | uremic toxins an alarming danger concerning the cardiovascular system |
| topic | uremic toxins cardiorenal syndrome immune sustem inflammation cardiovascular diseases renal diseases |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.686249/full |
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