Intake of ultra-processed food, dietary diversity and the risk of nutritional inadequacy among adults in India
Abstract Objective: This study assessed diet diversity and consumption of ultra-processed foods and explored its impact on macronutrient intake and risk of micronutrient inadequacy. Design: Cross-sectional, non-probability snowball sampling. Setting: Nutrient intake was assessed using 24-h die...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge University Press
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Public Health Nutrition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980023002112/type/journal_article |
| Summary: | Abstract
Objective:
This study assessed diet diversity and consumption of ultra-processed foods and explored its impact on macronutrient intake and risk of micronutrient inadequacy.
Design:
Cross-sectional, non-probability snowball sampling.
Setting:
Nutrient intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recall method and diet diversity through FAO-diet diversity score (DDS). Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess differences in risk of inadequacy across gender. Spearman’s rank correlation assessed associations between energy contributed by ultra-processed food and risk of nutrient inadequacy.
Participants:
A total of 589 adults (20–40 years) belonging to upper-middle and high-income groups.
Results:
The average individual DDS was 4·4 ± 0·6. Most of the participants (>80 %) had intakes less than national recommendations of pulses/eggs/flesh foods, milk/milk products, fruits, vegetables and nuts. Ultra-processed foods contributed to 17 % of total energy intake, 12 % of protein, 17 % of carbohydrate, 29 % of added sugar, 20 % of total fat and 33 % of Na intake. The average risk of nutrient inadequacies for Zn (98 % v. 75 %), folate (67 % v. 22 %) and niacin (83 % v. 44 %) was higher among males than females (P < 0·001). The average risk of nutrient inadequacies for Fe (58 % v. 7 %), vitamin B6 (95 % v. 90 %) and vitamin A (68 % v. 44 %) was higher among females than males (P < 0·001). There was a positive correlation between energy contributed by ultra-processed food and risk of niacin (ρ = 0·136, P = 0·001) and folate (ρ = 0·089, P = 0·049) inadequacy.
Conclusion:
Reformulating ultra-processed food to reduce fat, sugar and salt and increase micronutrients and behaviour change communication strategies that promote dietary diversity will improve micronutrient adequacy and diet quality.
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| ISSN: | 1368-9800 1475-2727 |