The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites

The aim of this work was to determine how different types of alkaline pretreatment influence the properties of waste almond and hazelnut nutshell, as well as their compatibility with model inorganic geopolymer matrixes for the formation of biocomposites with potential use in civil engineering. For a...

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Main Authors: Filip Brleković, Katarina Mužina, Stanislav Kurajica
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-01-01
Series:Journal of Composites Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/8/1/26
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author Filip Brleković
Katarina Mužina
Stanislav Kurajica
author_facet Filip Brleković
Katarina Mužina
Stanislav Kurajica
author_sort Filip Brleković
collection DOAJ
description The aim of this work was to determine how different types of alkaline pretreatment influence the properties of waste almond and hazelnut nutshell, as well as their compatibility with model inorganic geopolymer matrixes for the formation of biocomposites with potential use in civil engineering. For alkaline pretreatment, 3, 6 and 9% NaOH water solutions and milk of lime were used under different temperature and time conditions. The rise in the crystallinity index was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, while the corroboration of the removal of amorphous and undesirable components was demonstrated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the pretreatments was confirmed via simultaneous differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, and the positive change in the morphology of the surface of the waste nutshell (WN) and the deposition of the desired phases was established using scanning electron microscopy. Surface free energy and adhesion parameters were calculated using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble method for WN as fillers and geopolymers as model novel inorganic binders. This research indicates that the 6% NaOH treatment is the optimal pretreatment process for preparing WN as the filler in combination with potassium and metakaolin geopolymer that has been cured at room temperature.
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spelling doaj.art-09227b9b208346639af5c6e426ef629d2024-01-26T17:10:46ZengMDPI AGJournal of Composites Science2504-477X2024-01-01812610.3390/jcs8010026The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate BiocompositesFilip Brleković0Katarina Mužina1Stanislav Kurajica2Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaThe aim of this work was to determine how different types of alkaline pretreatment influence the properties of waste almond and hazelnut nutshell, as well as their compatibility with model inorganic geopolymer matrixes for the formation of biocomposites with potential use in civil engineering. For alkaline pretreatment, 3, 6 and 9% NaOH water solutions and milk of lime were used under different temperature and time conditions. The rise in the crystallinity index was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, while the corroboration of the removal of amorphous and undesirable components was demonstrated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the pretreatments was confirmed via simultaneous differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, and the positive change in the morphology of the surface of the waste nutshell (WN) and the deposition of the desired phases was established using scanning electron microscopy. Surface free energy and adhesion parameters were calculated using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble method for WN as fillers and geopolymers as model novel inorganic binders. This research indicates that the 6% NaOH treatment is the optimal pretreatment process for preparing WN as the filler in combination with potassium and metakaolin geopolymer that has been cured at room temperature.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/8/1/26biocompositeswaste nutshellmercerizationlignocellulosic materials
spellingShingle Filip Brleković
Katarina Mužina
Stanislav Kurajica
The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
Journal of Composites Science
biocomposites
waste nutshell
mercerization
lignocellulosic materials
title The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
title_full The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
title_fullStr The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
title_full_unstemmed The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
title_short The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites
title_sort influence of alkaline pretreatment of waste nutshell for use in particulate biocomposites
topic biocomposites
waste nutshell
mercerization
lignocellulosic materials
url https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/8/1/26
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