Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response
The endophagous parasitoid <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm <i>Heliothis virescens</i> (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) injects the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which includes a Polydnavirus (&...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/2/144 |
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| author | Rosanna Salvia Flora Cozzolino Carmen Scieuzo Annalisa Grimaldi Antonio Franco S. Bradleigh Vinson Maria Monti Patrizia Falabella |
| author_facet | Rosanna Salvia Flora Cozzolino Carmen Scieuzo Annalisa Grimaldi Antonio Franco S. Bradleigh Vinson Maria Monti Patrizia Falabella |
| author_sort | Rosanna Salvia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The endophagous parasitoid <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm <i>Heliothis virescens</i> (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) injects the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which includes a Polydnavirus (<i>T. nigriceps</i> BracoVirus: <i>Tn</i>BV) and the Ovarian Proteins (OPs) into the host body during oviposition. The host metabolism and immune system are disrupted prematurely shortly after parasitization by the combined action of the <i>Tn</i>BV, venom, and OPs. OPs are involved in the early suppression of host immune response, before <i>Tn</i>BV infects and expresses its genes in the host tissues. In this work, we evaluated the effect of HPLC fractions deriving from <i>in toto</i> OPs. Two fractions caused a reduction in hemocyte viability and were subsequently tested to detect changes in hemocyte morphology and functionality. The two fractions provoked severe oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton disruption, which might explain the high rate of hemocyte mortality, loss of hemocyte functioning, and hence the host’s reduced hemocyte encapsulation ability. Moreover, through a transcriptome and proteomic approach we identify the proteins of the two fractions: eight proteins were identified that might be involved in the observed host hemocyte changes. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the secreted ovarian components and their role in parasitoid wasp strategy for evading host immune responses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:42:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0932015fdc6041a4a746fc70b95ff251 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:42:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-0932015fdc6041a4a746fc70b95ff2512023-11-23T20:26:55ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-01-0113214410.3390/insects13020144Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune ResponseRosanna Salvia0Flora Cozzolino1Carmen Scieuzo2Annalisa Grimaldi3Antonio Franco4S. Bradleigh Vinson5Maria Monti6Patrizia Falabella7Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyDepartment of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843, USADepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyThe endophagous parasitoid <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm <i>Heliothis virescens</i> (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) injects the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which includes a Polydnavirus (<i>T. nigriceps</i> BracoVirus: <i>Tn</i>BV) and the Ovarian Proteins (OPs) into the host body during oviposition. The host metabolism and immune system are disrupted prematurely shortly after parasitization by the combined action of the <i>Tn</i>BV, venom, and OPs. OPs are involved in the early suppression of host immune response, before <i>Tn</i>BV infects and expresses its genes in the host tissues. In this work, we evaluated the effect of HPLC fractions deriving from <i>in toto</i> OPs. Two fractions caused a reduction in hemocyte viability and were subsequently tested to detect changes in hemocyte morphology and functionality. The two fractions provoked severe oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton disruption, which might explain the high rate of hemocyte mortality, loss of hemocyte functioning, and hence the host’s reduced hemocyte encapsulation ability. Moreover, through a transcriptome and proteomic approach we identify the proteins of the two fractions: eight proteins were identified that might be involved in the observed host hemocyte changes. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the secreted ovarian components and their role in parasitoid wasp strategy for evading host immune responses.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/2/144ovarian proteinshost-parasitoid interaction<i>Heliothis virescens</i><i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i>proteomic and transcriptomic approach |
| spellingShingle | Rosanna Salvia Flora Cozzolino Carmen Scieuzo Annalisa Grimaldi Antonio Franco S. Bradleigh Vinson Maria Monti Patrizia Falabella Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response Insects ovarian proteins host-parasitoid interaction <i>Heliothis virescens</i> <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> proteomic and transcriptomic approach |
| title | Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response |
| title_full | Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response |
| title_fullStr | Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response |
| title_short | Identification and Functional Characterization of <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response |
| title_sort | identification and functional characterization of i toxoneuron nigriceps i ovarian proteins involved in the early suppression of host immune response |
| topic | ovarian proteins host-parasitoid interaction <i>Heliothis virescens</i> <i>Toxoneuron nigriceps</i> proteomic and transcriptomic approach |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/2/144 |
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