Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)
This study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3061 |
| _version_ | 1797565405575774208 |
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| author | Shazia Noor Hadeed Ashraf Muhammad Sultan Zahid Mahmood Khan |
| author_facet | Shazia Noor Hadeed Ashraf Muhammad Sultan Zahid Mahmood Khan |
| author_sort | Shazia Noor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), VCAC, and their possible combinations, are explored for the climatic conditions of Multan. The study aims to explore the optimum AC system configuration for the building AC from the viewpoints of cooling capacity, system performance, energy consumption, and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A simulation model was designed in DesignBuilder and simulated using EnergyPlus in order to optimize the applicability of the proposed systems. The standalone VCAC and hybrid IEC-VCAC & IEC-DEC-VCAC system configurations could achieve the desired human thermal comfort. The standalone DEC resulted in a maximum COP of 4.5, whereas, it was 2.1 in case of the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system. The hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system achieved maximum temperature gradient (21 °C) and relatively less CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as compared to standalone VCAC. In addition, it provided maximum cooling capacity (184 kW for work input of 100 kW), which is 85% higher than the standalone DEC system. Furthermore, it achieved neutral to slightly cool human thermal comfort i.e., 0 to −1 predicted mean vote and 30% of predicted percentage dissatisfied. Thus, the study concludes the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC as an optimum configuration for building AC in Multan. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:11:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09ab6bd37b444a308f0b46867d4e9f7d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:11:43Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-09ab6bd37b444a308f0b46867d4e9f7d2023-11-20T03:41:43ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732020-06-011312306110.3390/en13123061Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)Shazia Noor0Hadeed Ashraf1Muhammad Sultan2Zahid Mahmood Khan3Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanThis study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), VCAC, and their possible combinations, are explored for the climatic conditions of Multan. The study aims to explore the optimum AC system configuration for the building AC from the viewpoints of cooling capacity, system performance, energy consumption, and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A simulation model was designed in DesignBuilder and simulated using EnergyPlus in order to optimize the applicability of the proposed systems. The standalone VCAC and hybrid IEC-VCAC & IEC-DEC-VCAC system configurations could achieve the desired human thermal comfort. The standalone DEC resulted in a maximum COP of 4.5, whereas, it was 2.1 in case of the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system. The hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system achieved maximum temperature gradient (21 °C) and relatively less CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as compared to standalone VCAC. In addition, it provided maximum cooling capacity (184 kW for work input of 100 kW), which is 85% higher than the standalone DEC system. Furthermore, it achieved neutral to slightly cool human thermal comfort i.e., 0 to −1 predicted mean vote and 30% of predicted percentage dissatisfied. Thus, the study concludes the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC as an optimum configuration for building AC in Multan.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3061Evaporative cooling systemsvapor compression air-conditioningbuilding air-conditioninghuman thermal comfortpredicted mean vote (<i>PMV</i>)Pakistan |
| spellingShingle | Shazia Noor Hadeed Ashraf Muhammad Sultan Zahid Mahmood Khan Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) Energies Evaporative cooling systems vapor compression air-conditioning building air-conditioning human thermal comfort predicted mean vote (<i>PMV</i>) Pakistan |
| title | Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) |
| title_full | Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) |
| title_fullStr | Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) |
| title_short | Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan) |
| title_sort | evaporative cooling options for building air conditioning a comprehensive study for climatic conditions of multan pakistan |
| topic | Evaporative cooling systems vapor compression air-conditioning building air-conditioning human thermal comfort predicted mean vote (<i>PMV</i>) Pakistan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3061 |
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