Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts
Abstract Two centuries ago in 1817, James Parkinson provided the first medical description of Parkinson’s disease, later refined by Jean-Martin Charcot in the mid-to-late 19th century to include the atypical parkinsonian variants (also termed, Parkinson-plus syndromes). Today, Parkinson’s disease re...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2017-03-01
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| Series: | Translational Neurodegeneration |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40035-017-0076-6 |
| _version_ | 1818293881045778432 |
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| author | Usman Saeed Jordana Compagnone Richard I. Aviv Antonio P. Strafella Sandra E. Black Anthony E. Lang Mario Masellis |
| author_facet | Usman Saeed Jordana Compagnone Richard I. Aviv Antonio P. Strafella Sandra E. Black Anthony E. Lang Mario Masellis |
| author_sort | Usman Saeed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Two centuries ago in 1817, James Parkinson provided the first medical description of Parkinson’s disease, later refined by Jean-Martin Charcot in the mid-to-late 19th century to include the atypical parkinsonian variants (also termed, Parkinson-plus syndromes). Today, Parkinson’s disease represents the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated global prevalence of over 10 million. Conversely, atypical parkinsonian syndromes encompass a group of relatively heterogeneous disorders that may share some clinical features with Parkinson’s disease, but are uncommon distinct clinicopathological diseases. Decades of scientific advancements have vastly improved our understanding of these disorders, including improvements in in vivo imaging for biomarker identification. Multimodal imaging for the visualization of structural and functional brain changes is especially important, as it allows a ‘window’ into the underlying pathophysiological abnormalities. In this article, we first present an overview of the cardinal clinical and neuropathological features of, 1) synucleinopathies: Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body spectrum disorders, as well as multiple system atrophy, and 2) tauopathies: progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. A comprehensive presentation of well-established and emerging imaging biomarkers for each disorder are then discussed. Biomarkers for the following imaging modalities are reviewed: 1) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T1, T2, and susceptibility-weighted sequences for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric analyses, as well as MRI derived visual signatures, 2) diffusion tensor MRI for the assessment of white matter tract injury and microstructural integrity, 3) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantifying proton-containing brain metabolites, 4) single photon emission computed tomography for the evaluation of nigrostriatal integrity (as assessed by presynaptic dopamine transporters and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors), and cerebral perfusion, 5) positron emission tomography for gauging nigrostriatal functions, glucose metabolism, amyloid and tau molecular imaging, as well as neuroinflammation, 6) myocardial scintigraphy for dysautonomia, and 7) transcranial sonography for measuring substantia nigra and lentiform nucleus echogenicity. Imaging biomarkers, using the ‘multimodal approach’, may aid in making early, accurate and objective diagnostic decisions, highlight neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as assist in evaluating disease progression and therapeutic responses to drugs in clinical trials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T03:22:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09b0e11b11ed4da098533b9b8fcf175b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2047-9158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T03:22:54Z |
| publishDate | 2017-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Translational Neurodegeneration |
| spelling | doaj.art-09b0e11b11ed4da098533b9b8fcf175b2022-12-22T00:01:20ZengBMCTranslational Neurodegeneration2047-91582017-03-016112510.1186/s40035-017-0076-6Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging conceptsUsman Saeed0Jordana Compagnone1Richard I. Aviv2Antonio P. Strafella3Sandra E. Black4Anthony E. Lang5Mario Masellis6Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoInstitute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoDepartment of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and Division of Neuroradiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreResearch Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthInstitute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoDivision of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of TorontoInstitute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoAbstract Two centuries ago in 1817, James Parkinson provided the first medical description of Parkinson’s disease, later refined by Jean-Martin Charcot in the mid-to-late 19th century to include the atypical parkinsonian variants (also termed, Parkinson-plus syndromes). Today, Parkinson’s disease represents the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated global prevalence of over 10 million. Conversely, atypical parkinsonian syndromes encompass a group of relatively heterogeneous disorders that may share some clinical features with Parkinson’s disease, but are uncommon distinct clinicopathological diseases. Decades of scientific advancements have vastly improved our understanding of these disorders, including improvements in in vivo imaging for biomarker identification. Multimodal imaging for the visualization of structural and functional brain changes is especially important, as it allows a ‘window’ into the underlying pathophysiological abnormalities. In this article, we first present an overview of the cardinal clinical and neuropathological features of, 1) synucleinopathies: Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body spectrum disorders, as well as multiple system atrophy, and 2) tauopathies: progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. A comprehensive presentation of well-established and emerging imaging biomarkers for each disorder are then discussed. Biomarkers for the following imaging modalities are reviewed: 1) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T1, T2, and susceptibility-weighted sequences for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric analyses, as well as MRI derived visual signatures, 2) diffusion tensor MRI for the assessment of white matter tract injury and microstructural integrity, 3) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantifying proton-containing brain metabolites, 4) single photon emission computed tomography for the evaluation of nigrostriatal integrity (as assessed by presynaptic dopamine transporters and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors), and cerebral perfusion, 5) positron emission tomography for gauging nigrostriatal functions, glucose metabolism, amyloid and tau molecular imaging, as well as neuroinflammation, 6) myocardial scintigraphy for dysautonomia, and 7) transcranial sonography for measuring substantia nigra and lentiform nucleus echogenicity. Imaging biomarkers, using the ‘multimodal approach’, may aid in making early, accurate and objective diagnostic decisions, highlight neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as assist in evaluating disease progression and therapeutic responses to drugs in clinical trials.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40035-017-0076-6BiomarkersParkinson’s diseaseAtypical parkinsonian syndromeMRIPETSPECT |
| spellingShingle | Usman Saeed Jordana Compagnone Richard I. Aviv Antonio P. Strafella Sandra E. Black Anthony E. Lang Mario Masellis Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts Translational Neurodegeneration Biomarkers Parkinson’s disease Atypical parkinsonian syndrome MRI PET SPECT |
| title | Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts |
| title_full | Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts |
| title_fullStr | Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts |
| title_short | Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts |
| title_sort | imaging biomarkers in parkinson s disease and parkinsonian syndromes current and emerging concepts |
| topic | Biomarkers Parkinson’s disease Atypical parkinsonian syndrome MRI PET SPECT |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40035-017-0076-6 |
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