Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network
In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1405 |
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| author | Cinzia Federico Ornella Cocina Salvatore Gambino Antonio Paonita Stefano Branca Mauro Coltelli Francesco Italiano Valentina Bruno Tommaso Caltabiano Marco Camarda Giorgio Capasso Sofia De Gregorio Iole Serena Diliberto Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martino Susanna Falsaperla Filippo Greco Giovannella Pecoraino Giuseppe Salerno Mariangela Sciotto Sergio Bellomo Giuseppe Di Grazia Ferruccio Ferrari Alessandro Gattuso Leonardo La Pica Mario Mattia Antonino Fabio Pisciotta Lucia Pruiti Francesco Sortino |
| author_facet | Cinzia Federico Ornella Cocina Salvatore Gambino Antonio Paonita Stefano Branca Mauro Coltelli Francesco Italiano Valentina Bruno Tommaso Caltabiano Marco Camarda Giorgio Capasso Sofia De Gregorio Iole Serena Diliberto Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martino Susanna Falsaperla Filippo Greco Giovannella Pecoraino Giuseppe Salerno Mariangela Sciotto Sergio Bellomo Giuseppe Di Grazia Ferruccio Ferrari Alessandro Gattuso Leonardo La Pica Mario Mattia Antonino Fabio Pisciotta Lucia Pruiti Francesco Sortino |
| author_sort | Cinzia Federico |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO<sub>2</sub> flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO<sub>2</sub> degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:11:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09b1333c4d08479fbc757c14b5a116ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:11:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-09b1333c4d08479fbc757c14b5a116ad2023-11-17T08:32:39ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-03-01155140510.3390/rs15051405Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance NetworkCinzia Federico0Ornella Cocina1Salvatore Gambino2Antonio Paonita3Stefano Branca4Mauro Coltelli5Francesco Italiano6Valentina Bruno7Tommaso Caltabiano8Marco Camarda9Giorgio Capasso10Sofia De Gregorio11Iole Serena Diliberto12Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martino13Susanna Falsaperla14Filippo Greco15Giovannella Pecoraino16Giuseppe Salerno17Mariangela Sciotto18Sergio Bellomo19Giuseppe Di Grazia20Ferruccio Ferrari21Alessandro Gattuso22Leonardo La Pica23Mario Mattia24Antonino Fabio Pisciotta25Lucia Pruiti26Francesco Sortino27Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyIn September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO<sub>2</sub> flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO<sub>2</sub> degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1405Vulcano Islandvolcanic unrestGNSSSO<sub>2</sub> fluxfumarole chemistry and temperaturesoil CO<sub>2</sub> degassing |
| spellingShingle | Cinzia Federico Ornella Cocina Salvatore Gambino Antonio Paonita Stefano Branca Mauro Coltelli Francesco Italiano Valentina Bruno Tommaso Caltabiano Marco Camarda Giorgio Capasso Sofia De Gregorio Iole Serena Diliberto Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martino Susanna Falsaperla Filippo Greco Giovannella Pecoraino Giuseppe Salerno Mariangela Sciotto Sergio Bellomo Giuseppe Di Grazia Ferruccio Ferrari Alessandro Gattuso Leonardo La Pica Mario Mattia Antonino Fabio Pisciotta Lucia Pruiti Francesco Sortino Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network Remote Sensing Vulcano Island volcanic unrest GNSS SO<sub>2</sub> flux fumarole chemistry and temperature soil CO<sub>2</sub> degassing |
| title | Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network |
| title_full | Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network |
| title_fullStr | Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network |
| title_short | Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network |
| title_sort | inferences on the 2021 ongoing volcanic unrest at vulcano island italy through a comprehensive multidisciplinary surveillance network |
| topic | Vulcano Island volcanic unrest GNSS SO<sub>2</sub> flux fumarole chemistry and temperature soil CO<sub>2</sub> degassing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1405 |
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