Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides
Abstract Background The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian sub-continent. In Bangladesh since 2012, indoor residual spraying (IRS) was applied in VL endemic areas using deltamethrin. In Nepal, IRS was initiated in 1992 for VL vector control us...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2018-06-01
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| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2913-6 |
| _version_ | 1818599587198271488 |
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| author | Rajib Chowdhury Murari Lal Das Vashkar Chowdhury Lalita Roy Shyla Faria Jyoti Priyanka Sakila Akter Narayan Prosad Maheswary Rajaul Karim Khan Daniel Argaw Axel Kroeger |
| author_facet | Rajib Chowdhury Murari Lal Das Vashkar Chowdhury Lalita Roy Shyla Faria Jyoti Priyanka Sakila Akter Narayan Prosad Maheswary Rajaul Karim Khan Daniel Argaw Axel Kroeger |
| author_sort | Rajib Chowdhury |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian sub-continent. In Bangladesh since 2012, indoor residual spraying (IRS) was applied in VL endemic areas using deltamethrin. In Nepal, IRS was initiated in 1992 for VL vector control using lambda-cyhalothrin. Irrational use of insecticides may lead to vector resistance but very little information on this subject is available in both countries. The objective of this study was to generate information on the susceptibility of the vector sand fly, P. argentipes to insecticide, in support of the VL elimination initiative on the Indian sub-continent. Methods Susceptibility tests were performed using WHO test kits following the standard procedures regarding alpha cypermethrin (0.05%), deltamethrin (0.05%), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%), malathion (5%) and bendiocarb (0.1%) in six upazilas (sub-districts) in Bangladesh. In Nepal, the tests were performed for two insecticides: alpha cypermethrin (0.05%) and deltamethrin (0.05%). Adult P. argentipes sand flies were collected in Bangladesh from six VL endemic upazilas (sub-districts) and in Nepal from three endemic districts using manual aspirators. Results The results show that VL vectors were highly susceptible to all insecticides at 60 minutes of exposure in both countries. In Bangladesh, corrected mortality was 100% at 15 minutes as well as 30 minutes of exposure. The study sites in Nepal, however, showed some diverse results, with a mortality rate less than 90% for 15 minutes of exposure with alpha cypermethrin and deltamethrin in two districts but was above 95% after 30 minutes of exposure. Conclusions These results suggest that the insecticides tested can still be used in the national programmes of Bangladesh and Nepal. However, insecticide rotation should be performed to mitigate the possible development of insecticide resistance. Periodic susceptibility tests should be performed by the countries to get timely alerts regarding insecticide resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T12:21:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09bc4492366f4b0cabd55dfd46553027 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T12:21:58Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj.art-09bc4492366f4b0cabd55dfd465530272022-12-21T22:31:55ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052018-06-0111111110.1186/s13071-018-2913-6Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticidesRajib Chowdhury0Murari Lal Das1Vashkar Chowdhury2Lalita Roy3Shyla Faria4Jyoti Priyanka5Sakila Akter6Narayan Prosad Maheswary7Rajaul Karim Khan8Daniel Argaw9Axel Kroeger10International Centre for Diarrhoea Disease Research (icddr,b)BP Koirala Institute of Health SciencesDhaka CollegeBP Koirala Institute of Health SciencesInternational Centre for Diarrhoea Disease Research (icddr,b)BP Koirala Institute of Health SciencesNational Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM)National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM)Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)World Health Organization (WHO)Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health OrganizationAbstract Background The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian sub-continent. In Bangladesh since 2012, indoor residual spraying (IRS) was applied in VL endemic areas using deltamethrin. In Nepal, IRS was initiated in 1992 for VL vector control using lambda-cyhalothrin. Irrational use of insecticides may lead to vector resistance but very little information on this subject is available in both countries. The objective of this study was to generate information on the susceptibility of the vector sand fly, P. argentipes to insecticide, in support of the VL elimination initiative on the Indian sub-continent. Methods Susceptibility tests were performed using WHO test kits following the standard procedures regarding alpha cypermethrin (0.05%), deltamethrin (0.05%), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%), malathion (5%) and bendiocarb (0.1%) in six upazilas (sub-districts) in Bangladesh. In Nepal, the tests were performed for two insecticides: alpha cypermethrin (0.05%) and deltamethrin (0.05%). Adult P. argentipes sand flies were collected in Bangladesh from six VL endemic upazilas (sub-districts) and in Nepal from three endemic districts using manual aspirators. Results The results show that VL vectors were highly susceptible to all insecticides at 60 minutes of exposure in both countries. In Bangladesh, corrected mortality was 100% at 15 minutes as well as 30 minutes of exposure. The study sites in Nepal, however, showed some diverse results, with a mortality rate less than 90% for 15 minutes of exposure with alpha cypermethrin and deltamethrin in two districts but was above 95% after 30 minutes of exposure. Conclusions These results suggest that the insecticides tested can still be used in the national programmes of Bangladesh and Nepal. However, insecticide rotation should be performed to mitigate the possible development of insecticide resistance. Periodic susceptibility tests should be performed by the countries to get timely alerts regarding insecticide resistance.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2913-6SusceptibilityVisceral leishmaniasisPhlebotomus argentipesVector controlAlpha cypermethrinDeltamethrin |
| spellingShingle | Rajib Chowdhury Murari Lal Das Vashkar Chowdhury Lalita Roy Shyla Faria Jyoti Priyanka Sakila Akter Narayan Prosad Maheswary Rajaul Karim Khan Daniel Argaw Axel Kroeger Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides Parasites & Vectors Susceptibility Visceral leishmaniasis Phlebotomus argentipes Vector control Alpha cypermethrin Deltamethrin |
| title | Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides |
| title_full | Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides |
| title_fullStr | Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides |
| title_short | Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides |
| title_sort | susceptibility of field collected phlebotomus argentipes diptera psychodidae sand flies from bangladesh and nepal to different insecticides |
| topic | Susceptibility Visceral leishmaniasis Phlebotomus argentipes Vector control Alpha cypermethrin Deltamethrin |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2913-6 |
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