The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis
Systemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus <i>Candida.</i> The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans <i>Candida</i> species merit the need for developing immune the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/10/1159 |
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| author | Manisha Shukla Pankaj Chandley Soma Rohatgi |
| author_facet | Manisha Shukla Pankaj Chandley Soma Rohatgi |
| author_sort | Manisha Shukla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Systemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus <i>Candida.</i> The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans <i>Candida</i> species merit the need for developing immune therapies against <i>Candida</i> infections. Although the role of cellular immune responses in anti-<i>Candida</i> immunity is well established, less is known about the role of humoral immunity against systemic candidiasis. This review summarizes currently available information on humoral immune responses induced by several promising <i>Candida</i> vaccine candidates, which have been identified in the past few decades. The protective antibody and B-cell responses generated by polysaccharide antigens such as mannan, β-glucan, and laminarin, as well as protein antigens like agglutinin-like sequence gene (Als3), secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap2), heat shock protein (Hsp90), hyphally-regulated protein (Hyr1), hyphal wall protein (Hwp1), enolase (Eno), phospholipase (PLB), pyruvate kinase (Pk), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), superoxide dismutase gene (Sod5) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), are outlined. As per studies reviewed, antibodies induced in response to leading <i>Candida</i> vaccine candidates contribute to protection against systemic candidiasis by utilizing a variety of mechanisms such as opsonization, complement fixation, neutralization, biofilm inhibition, direct candidacidal activity, etc. The contributions of B-cells in controlling fungal infections are also discussed. Promising results using anti-<i>Candida</i> monoclonal antibodies for passive antibody therapy reinforces the need for developing antibody-based therapeutics including anti-idiotypic antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, peptide mimotopes, and antibody-derived peptides. Future research involving combinatorial immunotherapies using humanized monoclonal antibodies along with antifungal drugs/cytokines may prove beneficial for treating invasive fungal infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:09:05Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:09:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-09c4e856000c462a8233af3ce0218f5a2023-11-22T20:16:07ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-10-01910115910.3390/vaccines9101159The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive CandidiasisManisha Shukla0Pankaj Chandley1Soma Rohatgi2Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, UTT, IndiaDepartment of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, UTT, IndiaDepartment of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, UTT, IndiaSystemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus <i>Candida.</i> The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans <i>Candida</i> species merit the need for developing immune therapies against <i>Candida</i> infections. Although the role of cellular immune responses in anti-<i>Candida</i> immunity is well established, less is known about the role of humoral immunity against systemic candidiasis. This review summarizes currently available information on humoral immune responses induced by several promising <i>Candida</i> vaccine candidates, which have been identified in the past few decades. The protective antibody and B-cell responses generated by polysaccharide antigens such as mannan, β-glucan, and laminarin, as well as protein antigens like agglutinin-like sequence gene (Als3), secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap2), heat shock protein (Hsp90), hyphally-regulated protein (Hyr1), hyphal wall protein (Hwp1), enolase (Eno), phospholipase (PLB), pyruvate kinase (Pk), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), superoxide dismutase gene (Sod5) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), are outlined. As per studies reviewed, antibodies induced in response to leading <i>Candida</i> vaccine candidates contribute to protection against systemic candidiasis by utilizing a variety of mechanisms such as opsonization, complement fixation, neutralization, biofilm inhibition, direct candidacidal activity, etc. The contributions of B-cells in controlling fungal infections are also discussed. Promising results using anti-<i>Candida</i> monoclonal antibodies for passive antibody therapy reinforces the need for developing antibody-based therapeutics including anti-idiotypic antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, peptide mimotopes, and antibody-derived peptides. Future research involving combinatorial immunotherapies using humanized monoclonal antibodies along with antifungal drugs/cytokines may prove beneficial for treating invasive fungal infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/10/1159systemic candidiasishumoral immunityB-cellsantibodiesvaccines |
| spellingShingle | Manisha Shukla Pankaj Chandley Soma Rohatgi The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis Vaccines systemic candidiasis humoral immunity B-cells antibodies vaccines |
| title | The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_full | The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_fullStr | The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_short | The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_sort | role of b cells and antibodies against i candida i vaccine antigens in invasive candidiasis |
| topic | systemic candidiasis humoral immunity B-cells antibodies vaccines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/10/1159 |
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