Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>
Root system architecture (RSA) is required for the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients from the soil. One of the essential nutrients, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), is sensed and transported by nitrate transporters <i>NRT1.1</i> and <i>NRT2.1&l...
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/6/633 |
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| author | Muhammad Asim Zia Ullah Fangzheng Xu Lulu An Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko Qian Wang Haobao Liu |
| author_facet | Muhammad Asim Zia Ullah Fangzheng Xu Lulu An Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko Qian Wang Haobao Liu |
| author_sort | Muhammad Asim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Root system architecture (RSA) is required for the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients from the soil. One of the essential nutrients, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), is sensed and transported by nitrate transporters <i>NRT1.1</i> and <i>NRT2.1</i> in the plants. Nitrate transporter 1.1 (<i>NRT1.1</i>) is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter phosphorylated at the T101 residue by calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase (CIPKs); it also regulates the expression of other key nitrate assimilatory genes. The differential phosphorylation (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation) strategies and underlying Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling mechanism of <i>NRT1.1</i> stimulate lateral root growth by activating the auxin transport activity and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ANR1 signaling at the plasma membrane and the endosomes, respectively. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> additionally functions as a signal molecule that forms a signaling system, which consists of a vast array of transcription factors that control root system architecture that either stimulate or inhibit lateral and primary root development in response to localized and high nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), respectively. This review elucidates the so-far identified nitrate transporters, nitrate sensing, signal transduction, and the key roles of nitrate transporters and its downstream transcriptional regulatory network in the primary and lateral root development in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> under stress conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:16:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09c7e3840624442c99f1ab87d5863315 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:16:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-09c7e3840624442c99f1ab87d58633152023-11-20T03:16:23ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252020-06-0111663310.3390/genes11060633Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>Muhammad Asim0Zia Ullah1Fangzheng Xu2Lulu An3Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko4Qian Wang5Haobao Liu6Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaKey Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, ChinaRoot system architecture (RSA) is required for the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients from the soil. One of the essential nutrients, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), is sensed and transported by nitrate transporters <i>NRT1.1</i> and <i>NRT2.1</i> in the plants. Nitrate transporter 1.1 (<i>NRT1.1</i>) is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter phosphorylated at the T101 residue by calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase (CIPKs); it also regulates the expression of other key nitrate assimilatory genes. The differential phosphorylation (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation) strategies and underlying Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling mechanism of <i>NRT1.1</i> stimulate lateral root growth by activating the auxin transport activity and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ANR1 signaling at the plasma membrane and the endosomes, respectively. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> additionally functions as a signal molecule that forms a signaling system, which consists of a vast array of transcription factors that control root system architecture that either stimulate or inhibit lateral and primary root development in response to localized and high nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), respectively. This review elucidates the so-far identified nitrate transporters, nitrate sensing, signal transduction, and the key roles of nitrate transporters and its downstream transcriptional regulatory network in the primary and lateral root development in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> under stress conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/6/633nitratenitrate transportersprimary responsephospholipase Croot system architecturelateral roots |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Asim Zia Ullah Fangzheng Xu Lulu An Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko Qian Wang Haobao Liu Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Genes nitrate nitrate transporters primary response phospholipase C root system architecture lateral roots |
| title | Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title_full | Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title_fullStr | Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title_short | Nitrate Signaling, Functions, and Regulation of Root System Architecture: Insights from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title_sort | nitrate signaling functions and regulation of root system architecture insights from i arabidopsis thaliana i |
| topic | nitrate nitrate transporters primary response phospholipase C root system architecture lateral roots |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/6/633 |
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