Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
As a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzym...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/8135 |
| _version_ | 1827674920294809600 |
|---|---|
| author | Haris Mahmood Khan Tanveer Iqbal M. A. Mujtaba Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar Ibham Veza I. M. Rizwanul Fattah |
| author_facet | Haris Mahmood Khan Tanveer Iqbal M. A. Mujtaba Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar Ibham Veza I. M. Rizwanul Fattah |
| author_sort | Haris Mahmood Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts to speed up the reaction. The usage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are considered more advantageous and cost-effective. Therefore, several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed from variable sources to make the overall production process economical. After achieving optimum performance of these catalysts and chemical processes, the research has been directed in other perspectives, such as the application of non-conventional methods such as microwave, ultrasonic, plasma heating etc, aiming to enhance the efficiency of the overall process. This mini review is targeted to focus on the research carried out up to this date on microwave-supported heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production. It discusses the phenomenon of microwave heating, synthesis techniques for heterogeneous catalysts, microwave mediated transesterification reaction using solid catalysts, special thermal effects of microwaves and parametric optimisation under microwave heating. The review shows that using microwave technology on the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification process greatly decreases reaction times (5–60 min) while maintaining or improving catalytic activity (>90%) when compared to traditional heating. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09ca9e03f04a409fbfadc7443b4eaaf6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-09ca9e03f04a409fbfadc7443b4eaaf62023-11-23T02:23:12ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-12-011423813510.3390/en14238135Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous CatalystsHaris Mahmood Khan0Tanveer Iqbal1M. A. Mujtaba2Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar3Ibham Veza4I. M. Rizwanul Fattah5Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, SH-57, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur 247121, IndiaAutomotive Development Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, MalaysiaCentre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, AustraliaAs a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts to speed up the reaction. The usage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are considered more advantageous and cost-effective. Therefore, several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed from variable sources to make the overall production process economical. After achieving optimum performance of these catalysts and chemical processes, the research has been directed in other perspectives, such as the application of non-conventional methods such as microwave, ultrasonic, plasma heating etc, aiming to enhance the efficiency of the overall process. This mini review is targeted to focus on the research carried out up to this date on microwave-supported heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production. It discusses the phenomenon of microwave heating, synthesis techniques for heterogeneous catalysts, microwave mediated transesterification reaction using solid catalysts, special thermal effects of microwaves and parametric optimisation under microwave heating. The review shows that using microwave technology on the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification process greatly decreases reaction times (5–60 min) while maintaining or improving catalytic activity (>90%) when compared to traditional heating.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/8135microwave-assisted transesterificationheterogeneous catalystbiodieselreaction timethermal effects |
| spellingShingle | Haris Mahmood Khan Tanveer Iqbal M. A. Mujtaba Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar Ibham Veza I. M. Rizwanul Fattah Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts Energies microwave-assisted transesterification heterogeneous catalyst biodiesel reaction time thermal effects |
| title | Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts |
| title_full | Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts |
| title_fullStr | Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts |
| title_short | Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts |
| title_sort | microwave assisted biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts |
| topic | microwave-assisted transesterification heterogeneous catalyst biodiesel reaction time thermal effects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/8135 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT harismahmoodkhan microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts AT tanveeriqbal microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts AT mamujtaba microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts AT manzooreelahimsoudagar microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts AT ibhamveza microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts AT imrizwanulfattah microwaveassistedbiodieselproductionusingheterogeneouscatalysts |