Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity
Plant glycerate kinase (GK) was previously considered an exclusively chloroplastic enzyme of the glycolate pathway (photorespiration), and its sole predicted role was to return most of the glycolate-derived carbon (as glycerate) to the Calvin cycle. However, recent discovery of cytosolic GK revealed...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/6/3258 |
| _version_ | 1797240659076186112 |
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| author | Leszek A. Kleczkowski Abir U. Igamberdiev |
| author_facet | Leszek A. Kleczkowski Abir U. Igamberdiev |
| author_sort | Leszek A. Kleczkowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plant glycerate kinase (GK) was previously considered an exclusively chloroplastic enzyme of the glycolate pathway (photorespiration), and its sole predicted role was to return most of the glycolate-derived carbon (as glycerate) to the Calvin cycle. However, recent discovery of cytosolic GK revealed metabolic links for glycerate to other processes. Although GK was initially proposed as being solely regulated by substrate availability, subsequent discoveries of its redox regulation and the light involvement in the production of chloroplastic and cytosolic GK isoforms have indicated a more refined regulation of the pathways of glycerate conversion. Here, we re-evaluate the importance of GK and emphasize its multifaceted role in plants. Thus, GK can be a major player in several branches of primary metabolism, including the glycolate pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and C<sub>4</sub> metabolism. In addition, recently, the chloroplastic (but not cytosolic) GK isoform was implicated as part of a light-dependent plant immune response to pathogen attack. The origins of glycerate are also discussed here; it is produced in several cell compartments and undergoes huge fluctuations depending on light/dark conditions. The recent discovery of the vacuolar glycerate transporter adds yet another layer to our understanding of glycerate transport/metabolism and that of other two- and three-carbon metabolites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:10:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09d4daed7bf042149b2d30dd2d54f3f7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:10:56Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-09d4daed7bf042149b2d30dd2d54f3f72024-03-27T13:45:30ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-03-01256325810.3390/ijms25063258Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant ImmunityLeszek A. Kleczkowski0Abir U. Igamberdiev1Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, SwedenDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, CanadaPlant glycerate kinase (GK) was previously considered an exclusively chloroplastic enzyme of the glycolate pathway (photorespiration), and its sole predicted role was to return most of the glycolate-derived carbon (as glycerate) to the Calvin cycle. However, recent discovery of cytosolic GK revealed metabolic links for glycerate to other processes. Although GK was initially proposed as being solely regulated by substrate availability, subsequent discoveries of its redox regulation and the light involvement in the production of chloroplastic and cytosolic GK isoforms have indicated a more refined regulation of the pathways of glycerate conversion. Here, we re-evaluate the importance of GK and emphasize its multifaceted role in plants. Thus, GK can be a major player in several branches of primary metabolism, including the glycolate pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and C<sub>4</sub> metabolism. In addition, recently, the chloroplastic (but not cytosolic) GK isoform was implicated as part of a light-dependent plant immune response to pathogen attack. The origins of glycerate are also discussed here; it is produced in several cell compartments and undergoes huge fluctuations depending on light/dark conditions. The recent discovery of the vacuolar glycerate transporter adds yet another layer to our understanding of glycerate transport/metabolism and that of other two- and three-carbon metabolites.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/6/3258C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesisgluconeogenesisglycerate metabolismglycolate pathway<i>Phytophthora infestans</i>sucrose synthesis |
| spellingShingle | Leszek A. Kleczkowski Abir U. Igamberdiev Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity International Journal of Molecular Sciences C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis gluconeogenesis glycerate metabolism glycolate pathway <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> sucrose synthesis |
| title | Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity |
| title_full | Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity |
| title_short | Multiple Roles of Glycerate Kinase—From Photorespiration to Gluconeogenesis, C<sub>4</sub> Metabolism, and Plant Immunity |
| title_sort | multiple roles of glycerate kinase from photorespiration to gluconeogenesis c sub 4 sub metabolism and plant immunity |
| topic | C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis gluconeogenesis glycerate metabolism glycolate pathway <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> sucrose synthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/6/3258 |
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