Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i>
Charantin is a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastadienol glucosides, which effectively lowers high blood glucose. Novel molecularly imprinted polymers coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@MIPs) and filter paper (paper@MIPs) were synthesized by sol-gel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7870 |
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| author | Nantana Nuchtavorn Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai Satsawat Visansirikul Somnuk Bunsupa |
| author_facet | Nantana Nuchtavorn Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai Satsawat Visansirikul Somnuk Bunsupa |
| author_sort | Nantana Nuchtavorn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Charantin is a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastadienol glucosides, which effectively lowers high blood glucose. Novel molecularly imprinted polymers coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@MIPs) and filter paper (paper@MIPs) were synthesized by sol-gel polymerization to selectively extract charantin. β-sitosterol glucoside was selected as a template for imprinting a specific recognition owing to its larger molecular surface area than that of 5,25-stigmastadienol glucoside. Factorial designs were used to examine the effects of the types of porogenic solvents and cross-linkers on the extraction efficiency and imprinting factor before investigating other factors (for example, amounts of template and coated MIPs, and types of substrates for MIP immobilization). Compared to traditional liquid–liquid extraction, the optimal Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@MIP-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and paper@MIP extraction provided excellent extraction efficiency (87.5 ± 2.1% and 85.0 ± 2.9%, respectively) and selectivity. Charantin was well separated, and a new unidentified sterol glucoside was observed using the developed high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (Rs ≥ 2.0, <i>n</i> > 16,400). The developed methods were successfully utilized to extract and quantify charantin from <i>M. charantia</i> fruit powder and herbal products. Moreover, these methods are rapid (<10 min), inexpensive, simple, reproducible, and environmentally friendly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:16:47Z |
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| id | doaj.art-09eb69ac699a4cca8f08a57b2f3eb2e7 |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:16:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-09eb69ac699a4cca8f08a57b2f3eb2e72023-11-17T23:01:43ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01249787010.3390/ijms24097870Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i>Nantana Nuchtavorn0Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai1Satsawat Visansirikul2Somnuk Bunsupa3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, ThailandCharantin is a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastadienol glucosides, which effectively lowers high blood glucose. Novel molecularly imprinted polymers coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@MIPs) and filter paper (paper@MIPs) were synthesized by sol-gel polymerization to selectively extract charantin. β-sitosterol glucoside was selected as a template for imprinting a specific recognition owing to its larger molecular surface area than that of 5,25-stigmastadienol glucoside. Factorial designs were used to examine the effects of the types of porogenic solvents and cross-linkers on the extraction efficiency and imprinting factor before investigating other factors (for example, amounts of template and coated MIPs, and types of substrates for MIP immobilization). Compared to traditional liquid–liquid extraction, the optimal Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@MIP-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and paper@MIP extraction provided excellent extraction efficiency (87.5 ± 2.1% and 85.0 ± 2.9%, respectively) and selectivity. Charantin was well separated, and a new unidentified sterol glucoside was observed using the developed high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (Rs ≥ 2.0, <i>n</i> > 16,400). The developed methods were successfully utilized to extract and quantify charantin from <i>M. charantia</i> fruit powder and herbal products. Moreover, these methods are rapid (<10 min), inexpensive, simple, reproducible, and environmentally friendly.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7870charantinmagnetic nanoparticles<i>M. charantia</i>molecularly imprinted polymerspaper-based devices |
| spellingShingle | Nantana Nuchtavorn Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai Satsawat Visansirikul Somnuk Bunsupa Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> International Journal of Molecular Sciences charantin magnetic nanoparticles <i>M. charantia</i> molecularly imprinted polymers paper-based devices |
| title | Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> |
| title_full | Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> |
| title_short | Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in <i>Momordica charantia</i> |
| title_sort | optimization of magnetic and paper based molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of charantin in i momordica charantia i |
| topic | charantin magnetic nanoparticles <i>M. charantia</i> molecularly imprinted polymers paper-based devices |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7870 |
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