<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilms are ubiquitous in the food-processing environment, where they frequently show resistance against treatment with disinfectants such as peracetic acid (PAA) due to sub-lethal damage resulting in biofilm persistence or the formation of secondary biofil...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/209 |
| _version_ | 1797622746927071232 |
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| author | Kyle B. Klopper Elanna Bester Gideon M. Wolfaardt |
| author_facet | Kyle B. Klopper Elanna Bester Gideon M. Wolfaardt |
| author_sort | Kyle B. Klopper |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilms are ubiquitous in the food-processing environment, where they frequently show resistance against treatment with disinfectants such as peracetic acid (PAA) due to sub-lethal damage resulting in biofilm persistence or the formation of secondary biofilms. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> serovar ½a EGD-e biofilms were cultivated under continuous flow conditions at 10 °C, 22 °C, and 37 °C and exposed to industrially relevant PAA concentrations. The effect of PAA on biofilm metabolic activity and biomass was monitored in real-time using the CEMS-BioSpec system, in addition to daily measurement of biofilm-derived planktonic cell production. Biofilm-derived planktonic cell yields proved to be consistent with high yields during biofilm establishment (≥10<sup>6</sup> CFU.mL<sup>−1</sup>). The exposure of biofilms to the minimum inhibitory PAA concentration (0.16%) resulted in only a brief disruption in whole-biofilm metabolic activity and biofilm biomass accumulation. The recovered biofilm accumulated more biomass and greater activity, but cell yields remained similar. Increasing concentrations of PAA (0.50%, 1.5%, and 4.0%) had a longer-lasting inhibitory effect. Only the maximum dose resulted in a lasting inhibition of biofilm activity and biomass–a factor that needs due consideration in view of dilution in industrial settings. Better disinfection monitoring tools and protocols are required to adequately address the problem of <i>Listeria</i> biofilms in the food-processing environment, and more emphasis should be placed on biofilms serving as a “factory” for cell proliferation rather than only a survival mechanism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:14:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-09f82733411d47079063c2a36911fc42 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:14:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-09f82733411d47079063c2a36911fc422023-11-16T18:41:43ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-01-0112220910.3390/antibiotics12020209<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow ConditionsKyle B. Klopper0Elanna Bester1Gideon M. Wolfaardt2Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilms are ubiquitous in the food-processing environment, where they frequently show resistance against treatment with disinfectants such as peracetic acid (PAA) due to sub-lethal damage resulting in biofilm persistence or the formation of secondary biofilms. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> serovar ½a EGD-e biofilms were cultivated under continuous flow conditions at 10 °C, 22 °C, and 37 °C and exposed to industrially relevant PAA concentrations. The effect of PAA on biofilm metabolic activity and biomass was monitored in real-time using the CEMS-BioSpec system, in addition to daily measurement of biofilm-derived planktonic cell production. Biofilm-derived planktonic cell yields proved to be consistent with high yields during biofilm establishment (≥10<sup>6</sup> CFU.mL<sup>−1</sup>). The exposure of biofilms to the minimum inhibitory PAA concentration (0.16%) resulted in only a brief disruption in whole-biofilm metabolic activity and biofilm biomass accumulation. The recovered biofilm accumulated more biomass and greater activity, but cell yields remained similar. Increasing concentrations of PAA (0.50%, 1.5%, and 4.0%) had a longer-lasting inhibitory effect. Only the maximum dose resulted in a lasting inhibition of biofilm activity and biomass–a factor that needs due consideration in view of dilution in industrial settings. Better disinfection monitoring tools and protocols are required to adequately address the problem of <i>Listeria</i> biofilms in the food-processing environment, and more emphasis should be placed on biofilms serving as a “factory” for cell proliferation rather than only a survival mechanism.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/209<i>L. monocytogenes</i> EGD-e<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilmsperacetic acidfood processing environmentbiofilm metabolic activitybiofilm biomass |
| spellingShingle | Kyle B. Klopper Elanna Bester Gideon M. Wolfaardt <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions Antibiotics <i>L. monocytogenes</i> EGD-e <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilms peracetic acid food processing environment biofilm metabolic activity biofilm biomass |
| title | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions |
| title_full | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions |
| title_fullStr | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions |
| title_short | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biofilms Are Planktonic Cell Factories despite Peracetic Acid Exposure under Continuous Flow Conditions |
| title_sort | i listeria monocytogenes i biofilms are planktonic cell factories despite peracetic acid exposure under continuous flow conditions |
| topic | <i>L. monocytogenes</i> EGD-e <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> biofilms peracetic acid food processing environment biofilm metabolic activity biofilm biomass |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/209 |
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