Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells
Sporotrichosis is a human and animal fungal infection distributed worldwide that is caused by the thermodimorphic species of the <i>Sporothrix</i> pathogenic clade, which includes <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, and <i>Sporothrix...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/4/448 |
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| author | Laura C. García-Carnero Iván Martínez-Duncker Manuela Gómez-Gaviria Héctor M. Mora-Montes |
| author_facet | Laura C. García-Carnero Iván Martínez-Duncker Manuela Gómez-Gaviria Héctor M. Mora-Montes |
| author_sort | Laura C. García-Carnero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sporotrichosis is a human and animal fungal infection distributed worldwide that is caused by the thermodimorphic species of the <i>Sporothrix</i> pathogenic clade, which includes <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i>. The cell wall composition and the immune response against the <i>Sporothrix</i> species have been studied mainly in <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and <i>S. schenckii</i>, whilst little is known about the <i>S. globosa</i> cell wall and the immune response that its components trigger. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the cell wall composition of <i>S. globosa</i> in three morphologies (germlings, conidia, and yeast-like cells) and the differences in cytokine production when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) interact with these morphotypes, using <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> as a comparison. We found that <i>S. globosa</i> conidia and yeast-like cells have a higher cell wall chitin content, while all three morphologies have a higher β-1,3-glucan content, which was found most exposed at the cell surface when compared to <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i>. In addition, <i>S. globosa</i> has lower levels of mannose- and rhamnose-based glycoconjugates, as well as of <i>N</i>- and <i>O</i>-linked glycans, indicating that this fungal cell wall has species-specific proportions and organization of its components. When interacting with PBMCs, <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and <i>S. globosa</i> showed a similar cytokine stimulation profile, but with a higher stimulation of IL-10 by <i>S. globosa</i>. Additionally, when the inner cell wall components of <i>S. globosa</i> were exposed at the surface or <i>N</i>- and <i>O</i>-glycans were removed, the cytokine production profile of this species in its three morphotypes did not significantly change, contrasting with the <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> species that showed different cytokine profiles depending on the treatment applied to the walls. In addition, it was found that the anti-inflammatory response stimulated by <i>S. globosa</i> was dependent on the activation of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and TLR2, but not TLR4. All of these results indicate that the cell wall composition and structure of the three <i>Sporothrix</i> species in the three morphologies are different, affecting their interaction with human PBMCs and generating species-specific cytokine profiles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:51:38Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:51:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-0a0cd9009d304e7896c2d38c1e92f0b32023-11-17T19:58:17ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-04-019444810.3390/jof9040448Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear CellsLaura C. García-Carnero0Iván Martínez-Duncker1Manuela Gómez-Gaviria2Héctor M. Mora-Montes3Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., MexicoLaboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mor., MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., MexicoSporotrichosis is a human and animal fungal infection distributed worldwide that is caused by the thermodimorphic species of the <i>Sporothrix</i> pathogenic clade, which includes <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i>. The cell wall composition and the immune response against the <i>Sporothrix</i> species have been studied mainly in <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and <i>S. schenckii</i>, whilst little is known about the <i>S. globosa</i> cell wall and the immune response that its components trigger. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the cell wall composition of <i>S. globosa</i> in three morphologies (germlings, conidia, and yeast-like cells) and the differences in cytokine production when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) interact with these morphotypes, using <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> as a comparison. We found that <i>S. globosa</i> conidia and yeast-like cells have a higher cell wall chitin content, while all three morphologies have a higher β-1,3-glucan content, which was found most exposed at the cell surface when compared to <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i>. In addition, <i>S. globosa</i> has lower levels of mannose- and rhamnose-based glycoconjugates, as well as of <i>N</i>- and <i>O</i>-linked glycans, indicating that this fungal cell wall has species-specific proportions and organization of its components. When interacting with PBMCs, <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and <i>S. globosa</i> showed a similar cytokine stimulation profile, but with a higher stimulation of IL-10 by <i>S. globosa</i>. Additionally, when the inner cell wall components of <i>S. globosa</i> were exposed at the surface or <i>N</i>- and <i>O</i>-glycans were removed, the cytokine production profile of this species in its three morphotypes did not significantly change, contrasting with the <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> species that showed different cytokine profiles depending on the treatment applied to the walls. In addition, it was found that the anti-inflammatory response stimulated by <i>S. globosa</i> was dependent on the activation of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and TLR2, but not TLR4. All of these results indicate that the cell wall composition and structure of the three <i>Sporothrix</i> species in the three morphologies are different, affecting their interaction with human PBMCs and generating species-specific cytokine profiles.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/4/448fungal cell wallprotein glycosylation<i>N</i>-linked glycans<i>O</i>-linked glycansinnate immune sensing |
| spellingShingle | Laura C. García-Carnero Iván Martínez-Duncker Manuela Gómez-Gaviria Héctor M. Mora-Montes Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells Journal of Fungi fungal cell wall protein glycosylation <i>N</i>-linked glycans <i>O</i>-linked glycans innate immune sensing |
| title | Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells |
| title_full | Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells |
| title_fullStr | Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells |
| title_short | Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant <i>Sporothrix</i> Species by Human Mononuclear Cells |
| title_sort | differential recognition of clinically relevant i sporothrix i species by human mononuclear cells |
| topic | fungal cell wall protein glycosylation <i>N</i>-linked glycans <i>O</i>-linked glycans innate immune sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/4/448 |
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