Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin
Polyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/10/1371 |
| _version_ | 1797475821704708096 |
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| author | Faheem Ahmad Akif Mona Mahmoud Binod Prasad Peter Richter Azizullah Azizullah Muhammad Qasim Muhammad Anees Marcus Krüger Susanne Gastiger Andreas Burkovski Sebastian M. Strauch Michael Lebert |
| author_facet | Faheem Ahmad Akif Mona Mahmoud Binod Prasad Peter Richter Azizullah Azizullah Muhammad Qasim Muhammad Anees Marcus Krüger Susanne Gastiger Andreas Burkovski Sebastian M. Strauch Michael Lebert |
| author_sort | Faheem Ahmad Akif |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin and branched PEI combinations’ activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains DH5α and RB791, <i>Salmonella enterica</i> sv. Typhimurium LT2, and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 168. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating cells treated with different concentrations of PEI and chlorophyllin on agar and monitoring their growth after 24 h. All tested combinations of PEI and chlorophyllin were lethal for <i>S. enterica</i> after 240 min of incubation in light, whereas PEI alone (<100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) was ineffective. In the darkness, complete inhibition was noted with a combination of ≥2.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin and 50 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI. If applied alone, PEI alone of ≥800 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> of PEI was required to completely inactivate <i>E. coli</i> DH5α cells in light, whereas with ≥5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin, only ≥100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI was needed. No effect was detected in darkness with PEI alone. However, 1600 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI in combination with 2.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> resulted in complete inactivation after 4 h dark incubation. PEI alone did not inhibit <i>E. coli</i> strain RB791, while cells were inactivated when treated with 10 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin in combination with ≥100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> (in light) or ≥800 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI (in darkness). Under illumination, <i>B. subtilis</i> was inactivated at all tested concentrations. In the darkness, 1 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin and 12.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI were lethal for <i>B. subtilis</i>. Overall, PEI can be used as an antimicrobial agent or potentiating agent for ameliorating the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:50:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0a22503db2ca4e4fb23848660dbe752d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:50:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-0a22503db2ca4e4fb23848660dbe752d2023-11-23T22:35:20ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822022-10-011110137110.3390/antibiotics11101371Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of ChlorophyllinFaheem Ahmad Akif0Mona Mahmoud1Binod Prasad2Peter Richter3Azizullah Azizullah4Muhammad Qasim5Muhammad Anees6Marcus Krüger7Susanne Gastiger8Andreas Burkovski9Sebastian M. Strauch10Michael Lebert11Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, PakistanGravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyGravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyGravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, PakistanEnvironmental Cell Biology Group, Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, GermanyDepartment of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyPostgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, BrazilGravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyPolyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin and branched PEI combinations’ activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains DH5α and RB791, <i>Salmonella enterica</i> sv. Typhimurium LT2, and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 168. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating cells treated with different concentrations of PEI and chlorophyllin on agar and monitoring their growth after 24 h. All tested combinations of PEI and chlorophyllin were lethal for <i>S. enterica</i> after 240 min of incubation in light, whereas PEI alone (<100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) was ineffective. In the darkness, complete inhibition was noted with a combination of ≥2.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin and 50 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI. If applied alone, PEI alone of ≥800 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> of PEI was required to completely inactivate <i>E. coli</i> DH5α cells in light, whereas with ≥5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin, only ≥100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI was needed. No effect was detected in darkness with PEI alone. However, 1600 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI in combination with 2.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> resulted in complete inactivation after 4 h dark incubation. PEI alone did not inhibit <i>E. coli</i> strain RB791, while cells were inactivated when treated with 10 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin in combination with ≥100 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> (in light) or ≥800 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI (in darkness). Under illumination, <i>B. subtilis</i> was inactivated at all tested concentrations. In the darkness, 1 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> chlorophyllin and 12.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> PEI were lethal for <i>B. subtilis</i>. Overall, PEI can be used as an antimicrobial agent or potentiating agent for ameliorating the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/10/1371chlorophyllinpolyethlyeniminesynergistic effectphotodynamic antimicrobial activity |
| spellingShingle | Faheem Ahmad Akif Mona Mahmoud Binod Prasad Peter Richter Azizullah Azizullah Muhammad Qasim Muhammad Anees Marcus Krüger Susanne Gastiger Andreas Burkovski Sebastian M. Strauch Michael Lebert Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin Antibiotics chlorophyllin polyethlyenimine synergistic effect photodynamic antimicrobial activity |
| title | Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin |
| title_full | Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin |
| title_fullStr | Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin |
| title_short | Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin |
| title_sort | polyethylenimine increases antibacterial efficiency of chlorophyllin |
| topic | chlorophyllin polyethlyenimine synergistic effect photodynamic antimicrobial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/10/1371 |
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