Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives
The human gut microbiota is the community of microorganisms living in the human gut. This microbial ecosystem contains bacteria beneficial to their host and plays important roles in human physiology, participating in energy harvest from indigestible fiber, vitamin synthesis, and regulation of the im...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/2/256 |
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| author | Themistoklis Katsimichas Panagiotis Theofilis Konstantinos Tsioufis Dimitris Tousoulis |
| author_facet | Themistoklis Katsimichas Panagiotis Theofilis Konstantinos Tsioufis Dimitris Tousoulis |
| author_sort | Themistoklis Katsimichas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human gut microbiota is the community of microorganisms living in the human gut. This microbial ecosystem contains bacteria beneficial to their host and plays important roles in human physiology, participating in energy harvest from indigestible fiber, vitamin synthesis, and regulation of the immune system, among others. Accumulating evidence suggests a possible link between compositional and metabolic aberrations of the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease in humans. Manipulating the gut microbiota through targeted interventions is an emerging field of science, aiming at reducing the risk of disease. Among the interventions with the most promising results are probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) inhibitors. Contemporary studies of probiotics have shown an improvement of inflammation and endothelial cell function, paired with attenuated extracellular matrix remodeling and TMAO production. <i>Lactobacilli</i>, <i>Bifidobacteria</i>, and <i>Bacteroides</i> are some of the most well studied probiotics in experimental and clinical settings. Prebiotics may also decrease inflammation and lead to reductions in blood pressure, body weight, and hyperlipidemia. Synbiotics have been associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis and lipid abnormalities. On the contrary, no evidence yet exists on the possible benefits of postbiotic use, while the use of antibiotics is not warranted, due to potentially deleterious effects. TMAO inhibitors such as 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, iodomethylcholine, and fluoromethylcholine, despite still being investigated experimentally, appear to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties. Finally, fecal transplantation carries conflicting evidence, mandating the need for further research. In the present review we summarize the links between the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease and elaborate on the varied therapeutic measures that are being explored in this context. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:25:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0a38681738194e4f9db2605f0c5754ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:25:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-0a38681738194e4f9db2605f0c5754ca2023-11-16T22:05:04ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892023-02-0113225610.3390/metabo13020256Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic PerspectivesThemistoklis Katsimichas0Panagiotis Theofilis1Konstantinos Tsioufis2Dimitris Tousoulis31st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias Avenue 114, 11527 Athens, Greece1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias Avenue 114, 11527 Athens, Greece1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias Avenue 114, 11527 Athens, Greece1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias Avenue 114, 11527 Athens, GreeceThe human gut microbiota is the community of microorganisms living in the human gut. This microbial ecosystem contains bacteria beneficial to their host and plays important roles in human physiology, participating in energy harvest from indigestible fiber, vitamin synthesis, and regulation of the immune system, among others. Accumulating evidence suggests a possible link between compositional and metabolic aberrations of the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease in humans. Manipulating the gut microbiota through targeted interventions is an emerging field of science, aiming at reducing the risk of disease. Among the interventions with the most promising results are probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) inhibitors. Contemporary studies of probiotics have shown an improvement of inflammation and endothelial cell function, paired with attenuated extracellular matrix remodeling and TMAO production. <i>Lactobacilli</i>, <i>Bifidobacteria</i>, and <i>Bacteroides</i> are some of the most well studied probiotics in experimental and clinical settings. Prebiotics may also decrease inflammation and lead to reductions in blood pressure, body weight, and hyperlipidemia. Synbiotics have been associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis and lipid abnormalities. On the contrary, no evidence yet exists on the possible benefits of postbiotic use, while the use of antibiotics is not warranted, due to potentially deleterious effects. TMAO inhibitors such as 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, iodomethylcholine, and fluoromethylcholine, despite still being investigated experimentally, appear to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties. Finally, fecal transplantation carries conflicting evidence, mandating the need for further research. In the present review we summarize the links between the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease and elaborate on the varied therapeutic measures that are being explored in this context.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/2/256gut microbiotaTMAOprobioticsprebioticssynbioticscoronary artery disease |
| spellingShingle | Themistoklis Katsimichas Panagiotis Theofilis Konstantinos Tsioufis Dimitris Tousoulis Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives Metabolites gut microbiota TMAO probiotics prebiotics synbiotics coronary artery disease |
| title | Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_full | Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_short | Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_sort | gut microbiota and coronary artery disease current therapeutic perspectives |
| topic | gut microbiota TMAO probiotics prebiotics synbiotics coronary artery disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/2/256 |
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