Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia
The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions include deforestation, usage...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/24/8339 |
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| author | Joseph Phiri Karel Malec Alpo Kapuka Mansoor Maitah Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi Zdeňka Gebeltová Mwila Bowa Kamil Maitah |
| author_facet | Joseph Phiri Karel Malec Alpo Kapuka Mansoor Maitah Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi Zdeňka Gebeltová Mwila Bowa Kamil Maitah |
| author_sort | Joseph Phiri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions include deforestation, usage of fertilizers, and activities related to mining and energy production. The main objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of agriculture and energy production on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Zambia. This research used econometric analysis, specifically the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test, to analyze the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and GDP, electricity consumption, agricultural production, and industry value added. The results showed the presence of cointegration, where the variables of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, GDP, electricity, and agriculture converge to a long-run equilibrium at the rate of 74%. Further, there was a short-run causality towards CO<sub>2</sub> emissions running from agriculture and the consumption of energy as indicated by the Wald test. This is the first study of its kind that empirically shows the impact of agricultural activities and energy consumption on the Zambian environment through their contribution to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at a macro (country) level. This paper also presents recommendations that are pertinent to mitigate these effects. To deescalate environmental degradation, we propose increasing the number of access points for multiple renewable energy sources across the country; discouraging deforestation, the usage of conventional fertilizers, and the burning of vegetation for fertilizers; encouraging afforestation and reforestation, in addition to providing subsidies, training, and financial support to farmers and entrepreneurs who decide to use environmentally friendly agricultural methods and renewable energy. This research highlights the serious impacts of anthropogenic activities on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The study was intended to assist Zambian policymakers in formulating and implementing environmentally friendly policy measures or systems that will contribute towards environmental protection commitments and sustainable economic development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:12:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0a9f78ee473d40a096346bc520c6ac83 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:12:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-0a9f78ee473d40a096346bc520c6ac832023-11-23T08:06:01ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-12-011424833910.3390/en14248339Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in ZambiaJoseph Phiri0Karel Malec1Alpo Kapuka2Mansoor Maitah3Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi4Zdeňka Gebeltová5Mwila Bowa6Kamil Maitah7Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Economics and Finance, School of Business Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80404, ZambiaDepartment of Trade and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicThe world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions include deforestation, usage of fertilizers, and activities related to mining and energy production. The main objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of agriculture and energy production on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Zambia. This research used econometric analysis, specifically the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test, to analyze the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and GDP, electricity consumption, agricultural production, and industry value added. The results showed the presence of cointegration, where the variables of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, GDP, electricity, and agriculture converge to a long-run equilibrium at the rate of 74%. Further, there was a short-run causality towards CO<sub>2</sub> emissions running from agriculture and the consumption of energy as indicated by the Wald test. This is the first study of its kind that empirically shows the impact of agricultural activities and energy consumption on the Zambian environment through their contribution to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at a macro (country) level. This paper also presents recommendations that are pertinent to mitigate these effects. To deescalate environmental degradation, we propose increasing the number of access points for multiple renewable energy sources across the country; discouraging deforestation, the usage of conventional fertilizers, and the burning of vegetation for fertilizers; encouraging afforestation and reforestation, in addition to providing subsidies, training, and financial support to farmers and entrepreneurs who decide to use environmentally friendly agricultural methods and renewable energy. This research highlights the serious impacts of anthropogenic activities on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The study was intended to assist Zambian policymakers in formulating and implementing environmentally friendly policy measures or systems that will contribute towards environmental protection commitments and sustainable economic development.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/24/8339agricultureenergycarbon emissionsARDL bounds testZambia |
| spellingShingle | Joseph Phiri Karel Malec Alpo Kapuka Mansoor Maitah Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi Zdeňka Gebeltová Mwila Bowa Kamil Maitah Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia Energies agriculture energy carbon emissions ARDL bounds test Zambia |
| title | Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia |
| title_full | Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia |
| title_short | Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Zambia |
| title_sort | impact of agriculture and energy on co sub 2 sub emissions in zambia |
| topic | agriculture energy carbon emissions ARDL bounds test Zambia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/24/8339 |
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