How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression
The type-I interferon (IFN) system represents the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Recognition of the virus initiates complex signaling pathways that result in the transcriptional induction of IFNs, which are then secreted. Secreted IFNs stimulate nearby cells and result in the product...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/342 |
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| author | Justin H. Franco Saurabh Chattopadhyay Zhixing K. Pan |
| author_facet | Justin H. Franco Saurabh Chattopadhyay Zhixing K. Pan |
| author_sort | Justin H. Franco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The type-I interferon (IFN) system represents the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Recognition of the virus initiates complex signaling pathways that result in the transcriptional induction of IFNs, which are then secreted. Secreted IFNs stimulate nearby cells and result in the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and antiviral factors. Of particular note, IFN-induced tetratricopeptide repeat (IFIT) proteins have been thoroughly studied because of their antiviral activity against different viral pathogens. Although classically studied as an antiviral protein, IFIT expression has recently been investigated in the context of nonviral pathologies, such as cancer and sepsis. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), IFIT1 and IFIT3 promote metastasis, while IFIT2 exhibits the opposite effect. The role of IFIT proteins during bacterial/fungal sepsis is still under investigation, with studies showing conflicting roles for IFIT2 in disease severity. In the setting of viral sepsis, IFIT proteins play a key role in clearing viral infection. As a result, many viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, employ mechanisms to inhibit the type-I IFN system and promote viral replication. In cancers that are characterized by upregulated IFIT proteins, medications that decrease IFIT expression may reduce metastasis and improve survival rates. Likewise, in cases of viral sepsis, therapeutics that increase IFIT expression may improve viral clearance and reduce the risk of septic shock. By understanding the effect of IFIT proteins in different pathologies, novel therapeutics can be developed to halt disease progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0aa2e0a8cd7048cfb2d872010e1763ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-0aa2e0a8cd7048cfb2d872010e1763ee2023-11-16T23:47:42ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-01-0115234210.3390/v15020342How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT ExpressionJustin H. Franco0Saurabh Chattopadhyay1Zhixing K. Pan2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USAThe type-I interferon (IFN) system represents the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Recognition of the virus initiates complex signaling pathways that result in the transcriptional induction of IFNs, which are then secreted. Secreted IFNs stimulate nearby cells and result in the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and antiviral factors. Of particular note, IFN-induced tetratricopeptide repeat (IFIT) proteins have been thoroughly studied because of their antiviral activity against different viral pathogens. Although classically studied as an antiviral protein, IFIT expression has recently been investigated in the context of nonviral pathologies, such as cancer and sepsis. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), IFIT1 and IFIT3 promote metastasis, while IFIT2 exhibits the opposite effect. The role of IFIT proteins during bacterial/fungal sepsis is still under investigation, with studies showing conflicting roles for IFIT2 in disease severity. In the setting of viral sepsis, IFIT proteins play a key role in clearing viral infection. As a result, many viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, employ mechanisms to inhibit the type-I IFN system and promote viral replication. In cancers that are characterized by upregulated IFIT proteins, medications that decrease IFIT expression may reduce metastasis and improve survival rates. Likewise, in cases of viral sepsis, therapeutics that increase IFIT expression may improve viral clearance and reduce the risk of septic shock. By understanding the effect of IFIT proteins in different pathologies, novel therapeutics can be developed to halt disease progression.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/342IFIT proteintype-I IFNsIFNβcancerviral sepsis |
| spellingShingle | Justin H. Franco Saurabh Chattopadhyay Zhixing K. Pan How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression Viruses IFIT protein type-I IFNs IFNβ cancer viral sepsis |
| title | How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression |
| title_full | How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression |
| title_fullStr | How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression |
| title_short | How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression |
| title_sort | how different pathologies are affected by ifit expression |
| topic | IFIT protein type-I IFNs IFNβ cancer viral sepsis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/342 |
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