Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment
In this study, a new red ceramic pigment has been developed within a perovskite structure, and microwave heat treatments have been applied. Those red ceramic pigments within the YAlO<sub>3</sub> system doped with chromium with the nominal composition Y<sub>0.98</sub>Al<sub...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Colorants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6447/2/3/25 |
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| author | Eva Miguel Guillermo Paulo-Redondo Juan Bautista Carda Castelló Isaac Nebot-Díaz |
| author_facet | Eva Miguel Guillermo Paulo-Redondo Juan Bautista Carda Castelló Isaac Nebot-Díaz |
| author_sort | Eva Miguel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, a new red ceramic pigment has been developed within a perovskite structure, and microwave heat treatments have been applied. Those red ceramic pigments within the YAlO<sub>3</sub> system doped with chromium with the nominal composition Y<sub>0.98</sub>Al<sub>0.98</sub>Cr<sub>0.04</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were synthesized by traditional routes and alternative methods like coprecipitation. Also, heat treatment has been studied comparing a traditional electric and microwave kiln. Different flux agents have been incorporated to improve the synthesis reaction. Prepared pigments have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as having a predominant phase of perovskite structure, which is responsible for the red shade, and a minority garnet phase that causes more brown colorations. Studies by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy gave rise to a series of absorption bands that indicate the presence of Cr(III) in the octahedral position corresponding to perovskite and Cr(IV) corresponding to garnet in both the octahedral and tetrahedral positions. The perovskite phase is favored with the use of flux mix, corroborating the UV-visible results and being more pronounced in traditional high temperature thermal treatments. The coprecipitation route has been studied to increase the reactivity of the particles given their nanometric size; however, this reactivity favors a greater appearance of undesirable garnet phases with both types of flux. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs offer information obtained from the secondary electrons of predominantly cubic crystalline phases with sizes between 1 µm and 2 µm in pigments synthesized via the traditional method and sizes less than 1µm together with the glassy phase in pigments synthesized via coprecipitation. Microwave thermal treatments have been studied, obtaining pigments with a majority structure of perovskite and garnet at lower temperatures and relatively short synthesis times. The feasibility of use in porous single-fired ceramic glazes has been studied, whose chromatic coordinates have been collected using an Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer based on the CIEL*a*b* system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:53:50Z |
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| id | doaj.art-0aa760dd724044a6a6856a2e4ae7ccbf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6447 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:53:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Colorants |
| spelling | doaj.art-0aa760dd724044a6a6856a2e4ae7ccbf2023-11-19T10:06:43ZengMDPI AGColorants2079-64472023-08-012351853210.3390/colorants2030025Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat TreatmentEva Miguel0Guillermo Paulo-Redondo1Juan Bautista Carda Castelló2Isaac Nebot-Díaz3Ceramic Technology Department, Escola Superior de Ceràmica de L’Alcora (ESCAL-ISEACV), 12110 L’Alcora, SpainCeramic Technology Department, Escola Superior de Ceràmica de L’Alcora (ESCAL-ISEACV), 12110 L’Alcora, SpainOrganic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, SpainCeramic Technology Department, Escola Superior de Ceràmica de L’Alcora (ESCAL-ISEACV), 12110 L’Alcora, SpainIn this study, a new red ceramic pigment has been developed within a perovskite structure, and microwave heat treatments have been applied. Those red ceramic pigments within the YAlO<sub>3</sub> system doped with chromium with the nominal composition Y<sub>0.98</sub>Al<sub>0.98</sub>Cr<sub>0.04</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were synthesized by traditional routes and alternative methods like coprecipitation. Also, heat treatment has been studied comparing a traditional electric and microwave kiln. Different flux agents have been incorporated to improve the synthesis reaction. Prepared pigments have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as having a predominant phase of perovskite structure, which is responsible for the red shade, and a minority garnet phase that causes more brown colorations. Studies by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy gave rise to a series of absorption bands that indicate the presence of Cr(III) in the octahedral position corresponding to perovskite and Cr(IV) corresponding to garnet in both the octahedral and tetrahedral positions. The perovskite phase is favored with the use of flux mix, corroborating the UV-visible results and being more pronounced in traditional high temperature thermal treatments. The coprecipitation route has been studied to increase the reactivity of the particles given their nanometric size; however, this reactivity favors a greater appearance of undesirable garnet phases with both types of flux. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs offer information obtained from the secondary electrons of predominantly cubic crystalline phases with sizes between 1 µm and 2 µm in pigments synthesized via the traditional method and sizes less than 1µm together with the glassy phase in pigments synthesized via coprecipitation. Microwave thermal treatments have been studied, obtaining pigments with a majority structure of perovskite and garnet at lower temperatures and relatively short synthesis times. The feasibility of use in porous single-fired ceramic glazes has been studied, whose chromatic coordinates have been collected using an Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer based on the CIEL*a*b* system.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6447/2/3/25perovskiteceramic pigmentred pigmentcoprecipitationmicrowave |
| spellingShingle | Eva Miguel Guillermo Paulo-Redondo Juan Bautista Carda Castelló Isaac Nebot-Díaz Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment Colorants perovskite ceramic pigment red pigment coprecipitation microwave |
| title | Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment |
| title_full | Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment |
| title_short | Comparative Study of the Synthesis of a Red Ceramic Pigment Using Microwave Heat Treatment |
| title_sort | comparative study of the synthesis of a red ceramic pigment using microwave heat treatment |
| topic | perovskite ceramic pigment red pigment coprecipitation microwave |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6447/2/3/25 |
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