A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors
Measurement of the ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking is typically limited to laboratory settings, and only short observations using wearable pressure insoles have been reported so far. In this study, a new proxy measurement method is proposed to estimate the vertical component of the GRF (...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2017-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/10/2181 |
| _version_ | 1811187624957706240 |
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| author | Yuzhu Guo Fabio Storm Yifan Zhao Stephen A. Billings Aleksandar Pavic Claudia Mazzà Ling-Zhong Guo |
| author_facet | Yuzhu Guo Fabio Storm Yifan Zhao Stephen A. Billings Aleksandar Pavic Claudia Mazzà Ling-Zhong Guo |
| author_sort | Yuzhu Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Measurement of the ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking is typically limited to laboratory settings, and only short observations using wearable pressure insoles have been reported so far. In this study, a new proxy measurement method is proposed to estimate the vertical component of the GRF (vGRF) from wearable accelerometer signals. The accelerations are used as the proxy variable. An orthogonal forward regression algorithm (OFR) is employed to identify the dynamic relationships between the proxy variables and the measured vGRF using pressure-sensing insoles. The obtained model, which represents the connection between the proxy variable and the vGRF, is then used to predict the latter. The results have been validated using pressure insoles data collected from nine healthy individuals under two outdoor walking tasks in non-laboratory settings. The results show that the vGRFs can be reconstructed with high accuracy (with an average prediction error of less than 5.0%) using only one wearable sensor mounted at the waist (L5, fifth lumbar vertebra). Proxy measures with different sensor positions are also discussed. Results show that the waist acceleration-based proxy measurement is more stable with less inter-task and inter-subject variability than the proxy measures based on forehead level accelerations. The proposed proxy measure provides a promising low-cost method for monitoring ground reaction forces in real-life settings and introduces a novel generic approach for replacing the direct determination of difficult to measure variables in many applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:06:33Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:06:33Z |
| publishDate | 2017-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-0aac36fc4e1345659a7d6f81eb04d2ad2022-12-22T04:19:52ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202017-09-011710218110.3390/s17102181s17102181A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable SensorsYuzhu Guo0Fabio Storm1Yifan Zhao2Stephen A. Billings3Aleksandar Pavic4Claudia Mazzà5Ling-Zhong Guo6Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKINSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKThe EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Through-life Engineering Services, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKDepartment of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKINSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKINSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKDepartment of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UKMeasurement of the ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking is typically limited to laboratory settings, and only short observations using wearable pressure insoles have been reported so far. In this study, a new proxy measurement method is proposed to estimate the vertical component of the GRF (vGRF) from wearable accelerometer signals. The accelerations are used as the proxy variable. An orthogonal forward regression algorithm (OFR) is employed to identify the dynamic relationships between the proxy variables and the measured vGRF using pressure-sensing insoles. The obtained model, which represents the connection between the proxy variable and the vGRF, is then used to predict the latter. The results have been validated using pressure insoles data collected from nine healthy individuals under two outdoor walking tasks in non-laboratory settings. The results show that the vGRFs can be reconstructed with high accuracy (with an average prediction error of less than 5.0%) using only one wearable sensor mounted at the waist (L5, fifth lumbar vertebra). Proxy measures with different sensor positions are also discussed. Results show that the waist acceleration-based proxy measurement is more stable with less inter-task and inter-subject variability than the proxy measures based on forehead level accelerations. The proposed proxy measure provides a promising low-cost method for monitoring ground reaction forces in real-life settings and introduces a novel generic approach for replacing the direct determination of difficult to measure variables in many applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/10/2181proxy measurementvertical ground reaction forceNARMAXorthogonal forward regression |
| spellingShingle | Yuzhu Guo Fabio Storm Yifan Zhao Stephen A. Billings Aleksandar Pavic Claudia Mazzà Ling-Zhong Guo A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors Sensors proxy measurement vertical ground reaction force NARMAX orthogonal forward regression |
| title | A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors |
| title_full | A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors |
| title_fullStr | A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors |
| title_short | A New Proxy Measurement Algorithm with Application to the Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Wearable Sensors |
| title_sort | new proxy measurement algorithm with application to the estimation of vertical ground reaction forces using wearable sensors |
| topic | proxy measurement vertical ground reaction force NARMAX orthogonal forward regression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/10/2181 |
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