Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention
The redox properties that make iron an essential nutrient also make iron an efficient pro-oxidant. Given this nascent cytotoxicity, iron homeostasis relies on a combination of iron transporters, chaperones, and redox buffers to manage the non-physiologic aqueous chemistry of this first-row transitio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.855751/full |
| _version_ | 1819023435502714880 |
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| author | Shaina L. Rosenblum Daniel J. Kosman |
| author_facet | Shaina L. Rosenblum Daniel J. Kosman |
| author_sort | Shaina L. Rosenblum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The redox properties that make iron an essential nutrient also make iron an efficient pro-oxidant. Given this nascent cytotoxicity, iron homeostasis relies on a combination of iron transporters, chaperones, and redox buffers to manage the non-physiologic aqueous chemistry of this first-row transition metal. Although a mechanistic understanding of the link between brain iron accumulation (BIA) and neurodegenerative diseases is lacking, BIA is co-morbid with the majority of cognitive and motor function disorders. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often present with increased deposition of iron into the brain. In addition, ataxias that are linked to mutations in mitochondrial-localized proteins (Friedreich's Ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias) result in mitochondrial iron accumulation and degradation of proton-coupled ATP production leading to neuronal degeneration. A comorbidity common in the elderly is a chronic systemic inflammation mediated by primary cytokines released by macrophages, and acute phase proteins (APPs) released subsequently from the liver. Abluminal inflammation in the brain is found downstream as a result of activation of astrocytes and microglia. Reasonably, the iron that accumulates in the brain comes from the cerebral vasculature via the microvascular capillary endothelial cells whose tight junctions represent the blood-brain barrier. A premise amenable to experimental interrogation is that inflammatory stress alters both the trans- and para-cellular flux of iron at this barrier resulting in a net accumulation of abluminal iron over time. This review will summarize the evidence that lends support to this premise; indicate the mechanisms that merit delineation; and highlight possible therapeutic interventions based on this model. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:38:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0acb44878e1c4ca2b3f8d1d7aa624fdb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:38:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0acb44878e1c4ca2b3f8d1d7aa624fdb2022-12-21T19:15:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952022-03-011310.3389/fneur.2022.855751855751Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic InterventionShaina L. RosenblumDaniel J. KosmanThe redox properties that make iron an essential nutrient also make iron an efficient pro-oxidant. Given this nascent cytotoxicity, iron homeostasis relies on a combination of iron transporters, chaperones, and redox buffers to manage the non-physiologic aqueous chemistry of this first-row transition metal. Although a mechanistic understanding of the link between brain iron accumulation (BIA) and neurodegenerative diseases is lacking, BIA is co-morbid with the majority of cognitive and motor function disorders. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often present with increased deposition of iron into the brain. In addition, ataxias that are linked to mutations in mitochondrial-localized proteins (Friedreich's Ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias) result in mitochondrial iron accumulation and degradation of proton-coupled ATP production leading to neuronal degeneration. A comorbidity common in the elderly is a chronic systemic inflammation mediated by primary cytokines released by macrophages, and acute phase proteins (APPs) released subsequently from the liver. Abluminal inflammation in the brain is found downstream as a result of activation of astrocytes and microglia. Reasonably, the iron that accumulates in the brain comes from the cerebral vasculature via the microvascular capillary endothelial cells whose tight junctions represent the blood-brain barrier. A premise amenable to experimental interrogation is that inflammatory stress alters both the trans- and para-cellular flux of iron at this barrier resulting in a net accumulation of abluminal iron over time. This review will summarize the evidence that lends support to this premise; indicate the mechanisms that merit delineation; and highlight possible therapeutic interventions based on this model.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.855751/fullchronic inflammationiron traffickingbrain ironneurodegenerationagingblood-brain barrier |
| spellingShingle | Shaina L. Rosenblum Daniel J. Kosman Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention Frontiers in Neurology chronic inflammation iron trafficking brain iron neurodegeneration aging blood-brain barrier |
| title | Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention |
| title_full | Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention |
| title_fullStr | Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention |
| title_short | Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention |
| title_sort | aberrant cerebral iron trafficking co morbid with chronic inflammation molecular mechanisms and pharmacologic intervention |
| topic | chronic inflammation iron trafficking brain iron neurodegeneration aging blood-brain barrier |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.855751/full |
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