Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Human lifestyle and dietary behaviors contribute to disease onset and progression. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), considered multifactorial disorders, have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. NDDs display pathologies that alter brain functions with a tendency to worsen over time....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1184 |
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| author | Alma Rosa Lezama Toledo Germán Rivera Monroy Felipe Esparza Salazar Jea-Young Lee Shalini Jain Hariom Yadav Cesario Venturina Borlongan |
| author_facet | Alma Rosa Lezama Toledo Germán Rivera Monroy Felipe Esparza Salazar Jea-Young Lee Shalini Jain Hariom Yadav Cesario Venturina Borlongan |
| author_sort | Alma Rosa Lezama Toledo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human lifestyle and dietary behaviors contribute to disease onset and progression. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), considered multifactorial disorders, have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. NDDs display pathologies that alter brain functions with a tendency to worsen over time. NDDs are a worldwide health problem; in the US alone, 12 million Americans will suffer from NDDs by 2030. While etiology may vary, the gut microbiome serves as a key element underlying NDD development and prognosis. In particular, an inflammation-associated microbiome plagues NDDs. Conversely, sequestration of this inflammatory microbiome by a correction in the dysbiotic state of the gut may render therapeutic effects on NDDs. To this end, treatment with short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, the main metabolites responsible for maintaining gut homeostasis, ameliorates the inflammatory microbiome. This intimate pathological link between the gut and NDDs suggests that the gut-brain axis (GBA) acts as an underexplored area for developing therapies for NDDs. Traditionally, the classification of NDDs depends on their clinical presentation, mostly manifesting as extrapyramidal and pyramidal movement disorders, with neuropathological evaluation at autopsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. In this review, we highlight the evolving notion that GBA stands as an equally sensitive pathological marker of NDDs, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and chronic stroke. Additionally, GBA represents a potent therapeutic target for treating NDDs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:49:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0ad78113fbc1472eb48ea3d214a81e9e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:49:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0ad78113fbc1472eb48ea3d214a81e9e2023-11-23T16:36:17ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-01-01233118410.3390/ijms23031184Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative DisordersAlma Rosa Lezama Toledo0Germán Rivera Monroy1Felipe Esparza Salazar2Jea-Young Lee3Shalini Jain4Hariom Yadav5Cesario Venturina Borlongan6Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter for Microbiome Research, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter for Microbiome Research, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USACenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USAHuman lifestyle and dietary behaviors contribute to disease onset and progression. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), considered multifactorial disorders, have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. NDDs display pathologies that alter brain functions with a tendency to worsen over time. NDDs are a worldwide health problem; in the US alone, 12 million Americans will suffer from NDDs by 2030. While etiology may vary, the gut microbiome serves as a key element underlying NDD development and prognosis. In particular, an inflammation-associated microbiome plagues NDDs. Conversely, sequestration of this inflammatory microbiome by a correction in the dysbiotic state of the gut may render therapeutic effects on NDDs. To this end, treatment with short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, the main metabolites responsible for maintaining gut homeostasis, ameliorates the inflammatory microbiome. This intimate pathological link between the gut and NDDs suggests that the gut-brain axis (GBA) acts as an underexplored area for developing therapies for NDDs. Traditionally, the classification of NDDs depends on their clinical presentation, mostly manifesting as extrapyramidal and pyramidal movement disorders, with neuropathological evaluation at autopsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. In this review, we highlight the evolving notion that GBA stands as an equally sensitive pathological marker of NDDs, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and chronic stroke. Additionally, GBA represents a potent therapeutic target for treating NDDs.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1184neurodegenerationmicrobiomestem cellsepigeneticsneurological disorders |
| spellingShingle | Alma Rosa Lezama Toledo Germán Rivera Monroy Felipe Esparza Salazar Jea-Young Lee Shalini Jain Hariom Yadav Cesario Venturina Borlongan Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders International Journal of Molecular Sciences neurodegeneration microbiome stem cells epigenetics neurological disorders |
| title | Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_full | Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_short | Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_sort | gut brain axis as a pathological and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders |
| topic | neurodegeneration microbiome stem cells epigenetics neurological disorders |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1184 |
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