A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions
Optimal condition-based microemulsion is key to achieving great efficiency in oil removal. One useful empirical equation to predict an optimal condition is a hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD). However, the K constants of each surfactant should be the same to combine the HLD equations for the mi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/19/9151 |
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| author | Virin Kittithammavong Ampira Charoensaeng Sutha Khaodhiar |
| author_facet | Virin Kittithammavong Ampira Charoensaeng Sutha Khaodhiar |
| author_sort | Virin Kittithammavong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Optimal condition-based microemulsion is key to achieving great efficiency in oil removal. One useful empirical equation to predict an optimal condition is a hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD). However, the K constants of each surfactant should be the same to combine the HLD equations for the mixed surfactant. Recently, a normalized hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD<sub>N</sub>) was presented to avoid this limitation. This work sought to determine the phase behaviors and predict the optimal salt concentrations, using HLD<sub>N</sub> for the mixed surfactant. Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) as an anionic surfactant, and alcohol alkyl polyglycol ether (AAE(6EO4PO)) as a nonionic surfactant, were both investigated. Alkanes and diesel were used as a model oil. The results showed that AAE(6EO4PO) enforced both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic characteristics. The Winsor Type I-III transition was influenced by the ethylene oxide, while the propylene oxide presence affected the Winsor Type III-II inversion. For the HLD<sub>N</sub> equation, the average interaction term was 1.82 ± 0.86, which markedly showed a strong correlation with the fraction of nonionic surfactant in the mixed systems. The predicted optimal salt concentrations using HLD<sub>N</sub> of SDHS-AAE(6EO4PO) in the diesel systems were close to the experimental results, with an error of <10% that is significantly beneficial due to the shorter time required for optimal determination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:05:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0ae5603920e6454aa360371466517422 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:05:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-0ae5603920e6454aa3603714665174222023-11-22T15:48:30ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-10-011119915110.3390/app11199151A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of MicroemulsionsVirin Kittithammavong0Ampira Charoensaeng1Sutha Khaodhiar2Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandThe Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandOptimal condition-based microemulsion is key to achieving great efficiency in oil removal. One useful empirical equation to predict an optimal condition is a hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD). However, the K constants of each surfactant should be the same to combine the HLD equations for the mixed surfactant. Recently, a normalized hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD<sub>N</sub>) was presented to avoid this limitation. This work sought to determine the phase behaviors and predict the optimal salt concentrations, using HLD<sub>N</sub> for the mixed surfactant. Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) as an anionic surfactant, and alcohol alkyl polyglycol ether (AAE(6EO4PO)) as a nonionic surfactant, were both investigated. Alkanes and diesel were used as a model oil. The results showed that AAE(6EO4PO) enforced both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic characteristics. The Winsor Type I-III transition was influenced by the ethylene oxide, while the propylene oxide presence affected the Winsor Type III-II inversion. For the HLD<sub>N</sub> equation, the average interaction term was 1.82 ± 0.86, which markedly showed a strong correlation with the fraction of nonionic surfactant in the mixed systems. The predicted optimal salt concentrations using HLD<sub>N</sub> of SDHS-AAE(6EO4PO) in the diesel systems were close to the experimental results, with an error of <10% that is significantly beneficial due to the shorter time required for optimal determination.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/19/9151microemulsionsanionic–nonionic mixed surfactantextended surfactanthydrophilic–lipophilic deviation |
| spellingShingle | Virin Kittithammavong Ampira Charoensaeng Sutha Khaodhiar A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions Applied Sciences microemulsions anionic–nonionic mixed surfactant extended surfactant hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation |
| title | A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions |
| title_full | A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions |
| title_fullStr | A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions |
| title_short | A Normalized HLD (HLD<sub>N</sub>) Tool for Optimal Salt-Concentration Prediction of Microemulsions |
| title_sort | normalized hld hld sub n sub tool for optimal salt concentration prediction of microemulsions |
| topic | microemulsions anionic–nonionic mixed surfactant extended surfactant hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/19/9151 |
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