Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
ABSTRACT Aims/Introduction Several cross‐sectional studies have shown that delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there has been a lack of comprehensively designed longitudinal studies. Therefore, our aim was to eval...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Diabetes Investigation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13637 |
| _version_ | 1818754835172818944 |
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| author | Tae Yang Yu Won‐Jung Hong Sang‐Man Jin Kyu Yeon Hur Jae Hwan Jee Ji Cheol Bae Jae Hyeon Kim Moon‐Kyu Lee |
| author_facet | Tae Yang Yu Won‐Jung Hong Sang‐Man Jin Kyu Yeon Hur Jae Hwan Jee Ji Cheol Bae Jae Hyeon Kim Moon‐Kyu Lee |
| author_sort | Tae Yang Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Aims/Introduction Several cross‐sectional studies have shown that delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there has been a lack of comprehensively designed longitudinal studies. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the longitudinal association of delayed HRR following a graded exercise treadmill test (GTX) with incident MetS. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of participants without MetS, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. The HRR was calculated as the peak heart rate minus the resting heart rate after a 1 min rest (HRR1), a 2 min rest (HRR2), and a 3 min rest (HRR3). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to investigate the association between HRR and development of MetS. Results There were 676 (31.2%) incident cases of MetS identified during the follow‐up period (9,683 person‐years). The only statistically significant relationship was between HRR3 and the development of MetS. The hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of incident MetS comparing the first and second tertiles to the third tertile of HRR3 were 1.492 (1.146–1.943) and 1.277 (1.004–1.624) with P = 0.003 after adjustment for multiple risk factors. As a continuous variable, the HR (95% CI) of incident MetS associated with each one‐beat decrease in HRR3 was 1.015 (1.005–1.026) with P = 0.004 after full adjustments. An HRR3 value ≤45 beats per minute (bpm) was associated with a higher risk of incident MetS compared with values >45 bpm, with an HR (95% CI) of 1.304 (1.061–1.602) and P = 0.001. Conclusions The slow phase of HRR, particularly HRR3, might be more sensitive at predicting the risk of MetS. |
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| id | doaj.art-0b359da9f2384dc1a78bc9f7bdd0640b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2040-1116 2040-1124 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T05:29:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Diabetes Investigation |
| spelling | doaj.art-0b359da9f2384dc1a78bc9f7bdd0640b2022-12-21T21:19:29ZengWileyJournal of Diabetes Investigation2040-11162040-11242022-01-0113116717610.1111/jdi.13637Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort studyTae Yang Yu0Won‐Jung Hong1Sang‐Man Jin2Kyu Yeon Hur3Jae Hwan Jee4Ji Cheol Bae5Jae Hyeon Kim6Moon‐Kyu Lee7Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Wonkwang Medical Center Wonkwang University School of Medicine Iksan KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul KoreaDepartment of Health Promotion Center Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Samsung Changwon Hospital Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Changwon KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul KoreaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center Eulji University School of Medicine Uijeongbu KoreaABSTRACT Aims/Introduction Several cross‐sectional studies have shown that delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there has been a lack of comprehensively designed longitudinal studies. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the longitudinal association of delayed HRR following a graded exercise treadmill test (GTX) with incident MetS. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of participants without MetS, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. The HRR was calculated as the peak heart rate minus the resting heart rate after a 1 min rest (HRR1), a 2 min rest (HRR2), and a 3 min rest (HRR3). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to investigate the association between HRR and development of MetS. Results There were 676 (31.2%) incident cases of MetS identified during the follow‐up period (9,683 person‐years). The only statistically significant relationship was between HRR3 and the development of MetS. The hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of incident MetS comparing the first and second tertiles to the third tertile of HRR3 were 1.492 (1.146–1.943) and 1.277 (1.004–1.624) with P = 0.003 after adjustment for multiple risk factors. As a continuous variable, the HR (95% CI) of incident MetS associated with each one‐beat decrease in HRR3 was 1.015 (1.005–1.026) with P = 0.004 after full adjustments. An HRR3 value ≤45 beats per minute (bpm) was associated with a higher risk of incident MetS compared with values >45 bpm, with an HR (95% CI) of 1.304 (1.061–1.602) and P = 0.001. Conclusions The slow phase of HRR, particularly HRR3, might be more sensitive at predicting the risk of MetS.https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13637Heart rate recoveryIncident metabolic syndromeLongitudinal cohort study |
| spellingShingle | Tae Yang Yu Won‐Jung Hong Sang‐Man Jin Kyu Yeon Hur Jae Hwan Jee Ji Cheol Bae Jae Hyeon Kim Moon‐Kyu Lee Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study Journal of Diabetes Investigation Heart rate recovery Incident metabolic syndrome Longitudinal cohort study |
| title | Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study |
| title_full | Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study |
| title_fullStr | Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study |
| title_short | Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective cohort study |
| title_sort | delayed heart rate recovery after exercise predicts development of metabolic syndrome a retrospective cohort study |
| topic | Heart rate recovery Incident metabolic syndrome Longitudinal cohort study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13637 |
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