COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death
Hyperactivation of the host immune system during infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients. It is also evident that patients who develop mild/moderate symptoms and successfully recover display functional and well-regulated immune response. Whereas a delayed initial i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.588409/full |
| _version_ | 1818646914427518976 |
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| author | Tanveer Ahmad Rituparna Chaudhuri Mohan C. Joshi Ahmad Almatroudi Arshad Husain Rahmani Syed Mansoor Ali |
| author_facet | Tanveer Ahmad Rituparna Chaudhuri Mohan C. Joshi Ahmad Almatroudi Arshad Husain Rahmani Syed Mansoor Ali |
| author_sort | Tanveer Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hyperactivation of the host immune system during infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients. It is also evident that patients who develop mild/moderate symptoms and successfully recover display functional and well-regulated immune response. Whereas a delayed initial interferon response is associated with severe disease outcome and can be the tipping point towards immunopathological deterioration, often preceding death in COVID-19 patients. Further, adaptive immune response during COVID-19 is heterogeneous and poorly understood. At the same time, some studies suggest activated T and B cell response in severe and critically ill patients and the presence of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies. Thus, understanding this problem and the underlying molecular pathways implicated in host immune function/dysfunction is imperative to devise effective therapeutic interventions. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the emerging immunopathological determinants and the mechanism of virus evasion by the host cell immune system. Using the knowledge gained from previous respiratory viruses and the emerging clinical and molecular findings on SARS-CoV-2, we have tried to provide a holistic understanding of the host innate and adaptive immune response that may determine disease outcome. Considering the critical role of the adaptive immune system during the viral clearance, we have presented the molecular insights of the plausible mechanisms involved in impaired T cell function/dysfunction during various stages of COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:54:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0b4dcc0e27bb4df4ae2827a8e51563b2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:54:12Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0b4dcc0e27bb4df4ae2827a8e51563b22022-12-21T22:09:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2020-12-011110.3389/fmicb.2020.588409588409COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or DeathTanveer Ahmad0Rituparna Chaudhuri1Mohan C. Joshi2Ahmad Almatroudi3Arshad Husain Rahmani4Syed Mansoor Ali5Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Haryana, IndiaMultidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaHyperactivation of the host immune system during infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients. It is also evident that patients who develop mild/moderate symptoms and successfully recover display functional and well-regulated immune response. Whereas a delayed initial interferon response is associated with severe disease outcome and can be the tipping point towards immunopathological deterioration, often preceding death in COVID-19 patients. Further, adaptive immune response during COVID-19 is heterogeneous and poorly understood. At the same time, some studies suggest activated T and B cell response in severe and critically ill patients and the presence of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies. Thus, understanding this problem and the underlying molecular pathways implicated in host immune function/dysfunction is imperative to devise effective therapeutic interventions. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the emerging immunopathological determinants and the mechanism of virus evasion by the host cell immune system. Using the knowledge gained from previous respiratory viruses and the emerging clinical and molecular findings on SARS-CoV-2, we have tried to provide a holistic understanding of the host innate and adaptive immune response that may determine disease outcome. Considering the critical role of the adaptive immune system during the viral clearance, we have presented the molecular insights of the plausible mechanisms involved in impaired T cell function/dysfunction during various stages of COVID-19.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.588409/fullCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2lymphocytopaeniaT cell responseviral evasioninterferon response |
| spellingShingle | Tanveer Ahmad Rituparna Chaudhuri Mohan C. Joshi Ahmad Almatroudi Arshad Husain Rahmani Syed Mansoor Ali COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death Frontiers in Microbiology COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 lymphocytopaenia T cell response viral evasion interferon response |
| title | COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death |
| title_full | COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death |
| title_short | COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death |
| title_sort | covid 19 the emerging immunopathological determinants for recovery or death |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 lymphocytopaenia T cell response viral evasion interferon response |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.588409/full |
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