Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.936240/full |
| _version_ | 1811258451464028160 |
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| author | Saghi Sepehri Saghi Sepehri Mina Saeedi Mina Saeedi Bagher Larijani Mohammad Mahdavi |
| author_facet | Saghi Sepehri Saghi Sepehri Mina Saeedi Mina Saeedi Bagher Larijani Mohammad Mahdavi |
| author_sort | Saghi Sepehri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, and behavior responses. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are responsible for the creation and progression of numerous neurochemical and neurological illnesses such as AD.Aim: Herein, focusing on the fact that benzylpyridinium salts mimic the structure of donepezil hydrochlorideas a FDA-approved drug in the treatment of AD, their synthetic approaches and inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) were discussed. Also, molecular docking results and structure–activity relationship (SAR) as the most significant concept in drug design and development were considered to introduce potential lead compounds. Key scientific concepts: AChE plays a chief role in the end of nerve impulse transmission at the cholinergic synapses. In this respect, the inhibition of AChE has been recognized as a key factor in the treatment of AD, Parkinson’s disease, senile dementia, myasthenia gravis, and ataxia. A few drugs such as donepezil hydrochloride are prescribed for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction and memory loss caused by AD. Donepezil hydrochloride is a piperidine-containing compound, identified as a well-known member of the second generation of AChE inhibitors. It was established to treat AD when it was assumed that the disease is associated with a central cholinergic loss in the early 1980s. In this review, synthesis and anti-ChE activity of a library of benzylpyridinium salts were reported and discussed based on SAR studies looking for the most potent substituents and moieties, which are responsible for inducing the desired activity even more potent than donepezil. It was found that linking heterocyclic moieties to the benzylpyridinium salts leads to the potent ChE inhibitors. In this respect, this review focused on the recent reports on benzylpyridinium salts and addressed the structural features and SARs to get an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically improved scaffold in the drug discovery of AD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T18:14:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0b68cf7574ab4ac39fa52795adf3b704 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2646 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T18:14:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj.art-0b68cf7574ab4ac39fa52795adf3b7042022-12-22T03:21:41ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Chemistry2296-26462022-09-011010.3389/fchem.2022.936240936240Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseaseSaghi Sepehri0Saghi Sepehri1Mina Saeedi2Mina Saeedi3Bagher Larijani4Mohammad Mahdavi5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranMedicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranPersian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranBackground: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, and behavior responses. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are responsible for the creation and progression of numerous neurochemical and neurological illnesses such as AD.Aim: Herein, focusing on the fact that benzylpyridinium salts mimic the structure of donepezil hydrochlorideas a FDA-approved drug in the treatment of AD, their synthetic approaches and inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) were discussed. Also, molecular docking results and structure–activity relationship (SAR) as the most significant concept in drug design and development were considered to introduce potential lead compounds. Key scientific concepts: AChE plays a chief role in the end of nerve impulse transmission at the cholinergic synapses. In this respect, the inhibition of AChE has been recognized as a key factor in the treatment of AD, Parkinson’s disease, senile dementia, myasthenia gravis, and ataxia. A few drugs such as donepezil hydrochloride are prescribed for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction and memory loss caused by AD. Donepezil hydrochloride is a piperidine-containing compound, identified as a well-known member of the second generation of AChE inhibitors. It was established to treat AD when it was assumed that the disease is associated with a central cholinergic loss in the early 1980s. In this review, synthesis and anti-ChE activity of a library of benzylpyridinium salts were reported and discussed based on SAR studies looking for the most potent substituents and moieties, which are responsible for inducing the desired activity even more potent than donepezil. It was found that linking heterocyclic moieties to the benzylpyridinium salts leads to the potent ChE inhibitors. In this respect, this review focused on the recent reports on benzylpyridinium salts and addressed the structural features and SARs to get an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically improved scaffold in the drug discovery of AD.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.936240/fullAlzheimer’s diseaseacetylcholinesterasebutyrylcholine esterasedonepezilcholinesterasebenzylpyridinium salts |
| spellingShingle | Saghi Sepehri Saghi Sepehri Mina Saeedi Mina Saeedi Bagher Larijani Mohammad Mahdavi Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Frontiers in Chemistry Alzheimer’s disease acetylcholinesterase butyrylcholine esterase donepezil cholinesterase benzylpyridinium salts |
| title | Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_full | Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_fullStr | Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_short | Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_sort | recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of alzheimer s disease |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease acetylcholinesterase butyrylcholine esterase donepezil cholinesterase benzylpyridinium salts |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.936240/full |
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