Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals
The 2D-FFT is described as a traditional method for signal processing and analysis. Due to the possibility to determine the time and frequency (<i>t</i>,<i>f</i>) domains, such a method has a wide application in various industrial fields. Using that method, the obtained resul...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6750 |
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| author | Lina Draudvilienė Asta Meškuotienė Renaldas Raišutis Olgirdas Tumšys Lina Surgautė |
| author_facet | Lina Draudvilienė Asta Meškuotienė Renaldas Raišutis Olgirdas Tumšys Lina Surgautė |
| author_sort | Lina Draudvilienė |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The 2D-FFT is described as a traditional method for signal processing and analysis. Due to the possibility to determine the time and frequency (<i>t</i>,<i>f</i>) domains, such a method has a wide application in various industrial fields. Using that method, the obtained results are presented in images only; thus, for the extraction of quantitative values of phase velocities, additional algorithms should be used. In this work, the 2D-FFT method is presented, which is based on peak detection of the spectrum magnitude at particular frequencies for obtaining the quantitative expressions. The radiofrequency signals of ULWs (ultrasonic Lamb waves) were used for the accuracy evaluation of the method. An uncertainty evaluation was conducted to guarantee the metrological traceability of measurement results and ensure that they are accurate and reliable. Mathematical and experimental verifications were conducted by using signals of Lamb waves propagating in the aluminum plate. The obtained mean relative error of 0.12% for the A<sub>0</sub> mode (160 kHz) and 0.05% for the S<sub>0</sub> mode (700 kHz) during the mathematical verification indicated that the proposed method is particularly suitable for evaluating the phase-velocity dispersion in clearly expressed dispersion zones. The uncertainty analysis showed that the plate thickness, the mathematical modeling, and the step of the scanner have a significant impact on the estimated uncertainty of the phase velocity for the A<sub>0</sub> mode. Those components of uncertainty prevail and make about ~92% of the total standard uncertainty in a clearly expressed dispersion range. The S<sub>0</sub> mode analysis in the non-dispersion zone indicates that the repeatability of velocity variations, fluctuations of the frequency of Lamb waves, and the scanning step of the scanner influence significantly the combined uncertainty and represent 98% of the total uncertainty. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:25Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-0b7d769bc767480c9f61571e656400552023-11-23T18:48:43ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-09-012218675010.3390/s22186750Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave SignalsLina Draudvilienė0Asta Meškuotienė1Renaldas Raišutis2Olgirdas Tumšys3Lina Surgautė4Ultrasound Research Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, LithuaniaMetrology Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-44249 Kaunas, LithuaniaUltrasound Research Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, LithuaniaUltrasound Research Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, LithuaniaUltrasound Research Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, LithuaniaThe 2D-FFT is described as a traditional method for signal processing and analysis. Due to the possibility to determine the time and frequency (<i>t</i>,<i>f</i>) domains, such a method has a wide application in various industrial fields. Using that method, the obtained results are presented in images only; thus, for the extraction of quantitative values of phase velocities, additional algorithms should be used. In this work, the 2D-FFT method is presented, which is based on peak detection of the spectrum magnitude at particular frequencies for obtaining the quantitative expressions. The radiofrequency signals of ULWs (ultrasonic Lamb waves) were used for the accuracy evaluation of the method. An uncertainty evaluation was conducted to guarantee the metrological traceability of measurement results and ensure that they are accurate and reliable. Mathematical and experimental verifications were conducted by using signals of Lamb waves propagating in the aluminum plate. The obtained mean relative error of 0.12% for the A<sub>0</sub> mode (160 kHz) and 0.05% for the S<sub>0</sub> mode (700 kHz) during the mathematical verification indicated that the proposed method is particularly suitable for evaluating the phase-velocity dispersion in clearly expressed dispersion zones. The uncertainty analysis showed that the plate thickness, the mathematical modeling, and the step of the scanner have a significant impact on the estimated uncertainty of the phase velocity for the A<sub>0</sub> mode. Those components of uncertainty prevail and make about ~92% of the total standard uncertainty in a clearly expressed dispersion range. The S<sub>0</sub> mode analysis in the non-dispersion zone indicates that the repeatability of velocity variations, fluctuations of the frequency of Lamb waves, and the scanning step of the scanner influence significantly the combined uncertainty and represent 98% of the total uncertainty.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6750signal processing2D-FFT methodLamb wavesphase velocitydispersion curvefrequency |
| spellingShingle | Lina Draudvilienė Asta Meškuotienė Renaldas Raišutis Olgirdas Tumšys Lina Surgautė Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals Sensors signal processing 2D-FFT method Lamb waves phase velocity dispersion curve frequency |
| title | Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals |
| title_full | Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals |
| title_fullStr | Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals |
| title_short | Accuracy Assessment of the 2D-FFT Method Based on Peak Detection of the Spectrum Magnitude at the Particular Frequencies Using the Lamb Wave Signals |
| title_sort | accuracy assessment of the 2d fft method based on peak detection of the spectrum magnitude at the particular frequencies using the lamb wave signals |
| topic | signal processing 2D-FFT method Lamb waves phase velocity dispersion curve frequency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6750 |
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