Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds
Halitosis is a highly distressing, socially unaesthetic condition, with a very high incidence amongst the adult population. It predominantly arises from excessive oral cavity volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations, which have either oral or extra-oral etiologies (90–95% and 5–10% of cases, r...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/4/36 |
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| author | Kerry L. Grootveld Victor Ruiz-Rodado Martin Grootveld |
| author_facet | Kerry L. Grootveld Victor Ruiz-Rodado Martin Grootveld |
| author_sort | Kerry L. Grootveld |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Halitosis is a highly distressing, socially unaesthetic condition, with a very high incidence amongst the adult population. It predominantly arises from excessive oral cavity volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations, which have either oral or extra-oral etiologies (90–95% and 5–10% of cases, respectively). However, reports concerning age- and gender-related influences on the patterns and concentrations of these malodorous agents remain sparse; therefore, this study’s first objective was to explore the significance and impact of these potential predictor variables on the oral cavity levels of these malodorants. Moreover, because non-oral etiologies for halitosis may represent avatars of serious extra-oral diseases, the second objective was to distinguish between etiology- (source-) dependent patterns of oral cavity VSCs. Oral cavity VSC determinations were performed on 116 healthy human participants using a non-stationary gas chromatographic facility, and following a 4 h period of abstention from all non-respiratory oral activities. Participants were grouped according to ages or age bands, and gender. Statistical analyses of VSC level data acquired featured both univariate/correlation and multivariate (MV) approaches. Factorial analysis-of-variance and MV analyses revealed that the levels of all VSCs monitored were independent of both age and gender. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a range of further MV analysis techniques, together with an agglomerative hierarchal clustering strategy, demonstrated that VSC predictor variables were partitioned into two components, the first arising from orally-sourced H<sub>2</sub>S and CH<sub>3</sub>SH, the second from extra-orally-sourced (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S alone (about 55% and 30% of total variance respectively). In conclusion, oral cavity VSC concentrations appear not to be significantly influenced by age and gender. Furthermore, (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S may serve as a valuable biomarker for selected extra-oral conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:34:28Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:34:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Data |
| spelling | doaj.art-0bce1b339d7340b1b081b7df383596942023-11-21T14:22:41ZengMDPI AGData2306-57292021-04-01643610.3390/data6040036Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur CompoundsKerry L. Grootveld0Victor Ruiz-Rodado1Martin Grootveld2Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UKNational Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute, Neuro-Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20814, USALeicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UKHalitosis is a highly distressing, socially unaesthetic condition, with a very high incidence amongst the adult population. It predominantly arises from excessive oral cavity volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations, which have either oral or extra-oral etiologies (90–95% and 5–10% of cases, respectively). However, reports concerning age- and gender-related influences on the patterns and concentrations of these malodorous agents remain sparse; therefore, this study’s first objective was to explore the significance and impact of these potential predictor variables on the oral cavity levels of these malodorants. Moreover, because non-oral etiologies for halitosis may represent avatars of serious extra-oral diseases, the second objective was to distinguish between etiology- (source-) dependent patterns of oral cavity VSCs. Oral cavity VSC determinations were performed on 116 healthy human participants using a non-stationary gas chromatographic facility, and following a 4 h period of abstention from all non-respiratory oral activities. Participants were grouped according to ages or age bands, and gender. Statistical analyses of VSC level data acquired featured both univariate/correlation and multivariate (MV) approaches. Factorial analysis-of-variance and MV analyses revealed that the levels of all VSCs monitored were independent of both age and gender. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a range of further MV analysis techniques, together with an agglomerative hierarchal clustering strategy, demonstrated that VSC predictor variables were partitioned into two components, the first arising from orally-sourced H<sub>2</sub>S and CH<sub>3</sub>SH, the second from extra-orally-sourced (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S alone (about 55% and 30% of total variance respectively). In conclusion, oral cavity VSC concentrations appear not to be significantly influenced by age and gender. Furthermore, (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S may serve as a valuable biomarker for selected extra-oral conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/4/36halitosisvolatile sulphur compounds (VSCs)oral cavityoral healthoral and extra-oral etiologiesage |
| spellingShingle | Kerry L. Grootveld Victor Ruiz-Rodado Martin Grootveld Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds Data halitosis volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) oral cavity oral health oral and extra-oral etiologies age |
| title | Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds |
| title_full | Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds |
| title_fullStr | Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds |
| title_short | Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds |
| title_sort | targeted chemometrics investigations of source age and gender dependencies of oral cavity malodorous volatile sulphur compounds |
| topic | halitosis volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) oral cavity oral health oral and extra-oral etiologies age |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/4/36 |
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