Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i>
Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin and a common source of grain contamination that leads to great economic losses and health problems. Although distilled baijiu cannot be contaminated by aflatoxin, its presence in the brewing process affects the physiological activities of micro-organisms and reduces p...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/65 |
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| author | Guoli Xue Yanjun Qu Dan Wu Shuyuan Huang Yuqing Che Jing Yu Ping Song |
| author_facet | Guoli Xue Yanjun Qu Dan Wu Shuyuan Huang Yuqing Che Jing Yu Ping Song |
| author_sort | Guoli Xue |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin and a common source of grain contamination that leads to great economic losses and health problems. Although distilled baijiu cannot be contaminated by aflatoxin, its presence in the brewing process affects the physiological activities of micro-organisms and reduces product quality. <i>Bacillus cereus</i> XSWW9 capable of degrading aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) was isolated from daqu using coumarin as the sole carbon source. XSWW9 degraded 86.7% of 1 mg/L AFB<sub>1</sub> after incubation at 37 °C for 72 h and tolerated up to 1 mg/L AFB<sub>1</sub> with no inhibitory effects. Enzymes in the cell-free supernatant of XSSW9 played a significant role in AFB<sub>1</sub> degradation. The AFB<sub>1</sub>-degradation activity was sensitive to protease K and SDS treatment, which indicated that extracellular proteins were responsible for the degradation of AFB<sub>1</sub>. In order to investigate the AFB<sub>1</sub>-degradation ability of XSSW9 during the baijiu brewing process, AFB<sub>1</sub> and XSWW9 were added to grain fermentation (FG-T) and normal grain fermentation without AFB<sub>1</sub>, while normal grain fermentation without AFB<sub>1</sub> and XSWW9 was used as a control (FG-C). At the end of the fermentation, 99% AFB<sub>1</sub> was degraded in the residue of fermented grains. The differences of microbial communities in the fermented grains showed that there were no significant differences between FG-T and FG-C in the relative abundance of dominant genera. The analysis of volatile compounds of their distillation showed that the contents of skeleton flavor components was similar between FG-T and FG-C. These results offer a basis for the development of effective strategies to reduce the effect of AFB<sub>1</sub> on the brewing process and ensure that the production of baijiu is stable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:05:47Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:05:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-0bd38c6cd9b144bdaa6d43dc1a4b36f32023-12-01T00:57:22ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-01-011516510.3390/toxins15010065Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i>Guoli Xue0Yanjun Qu1Dan Wu2Shuyuan Huang3Yuqing Che4Jing Yu5Ping Song6School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaAflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin and a common source of grain contamination that leads to great economic losses and health problems. Although distilled baijiu cannot be contaminated by aflatoxin, its presence in the brewing process affects the physiological activities of micro-organisms and reduces product quality. <i>Bacillus cereus</i> XSWW9 capable of degrading aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) was isolated from daqu using coumarin as the sole carbon source. XSWW9 degraded 86.7% of 1 mg/L AFB<sub>1</sub> after incubation at 37 °C for 72 h and tolerated up to 1 mg/L AFB<sub>1</sub> with no inhibitory effects. Enzymes in the cell-free supernatant of XSSW9 played a significant role in AFB<sub>1</sub> degradation. The AFB<sub>1</sub>-degradation activity was sensitive to protease K and SDS treatment, which indicated that extracellular proteins were responsible for the degradation of AFB<sub>1</sub>. In order to investigate the AFB<sub>1</sub>-degradation ability of XSSW9 during the baijiu brewing process, AFB<sub>1</sub> and XSWW9 were added to grain fermentation (FG-T) and normal grain fermentation without AFB<sub>1</sub>, while normal grain fermentation without AFB<sub>1</sub> and XSWW9 was used as a control (FG-C). At the end of the fermentation, 99% AFB<sub>1</sub> was degraded in the residue of fermented grains. The differences of microbial communities in the fermented grains showed that there were no significant differences between FG-T and FG-C in the relative abundance of dominant genera. The analysis of volatile compounds of their distillation showed that the contents of skeleton flavor components was similar between FG-T and FG-C. These results offer a basis for the development of effective strategies to reduce the effect of AFB<sub>1</sub> on the brewing process and ensure that the production of baijiu is stable.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/65aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>biodegradation<i>Bacillus</i>baijiuaroma compounds |
| spellingShingle | Guoli Xue Yanjun Qu Dan Wu Shuyuan Huang Yuqing Che Jing Yu Ping Song Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Toxins aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> biodegradation <i>Bacillus</i> baijiu aroma compounds |
| title | Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> |
| title_full | Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> |
| title_short | Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the Baijiu Brewing Process by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> |
| title_sort | biodegradation of aflatoxin b sub 1 sub in the baijiu brewing process by i bacillus cereus i |
| topic | aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> biodegradation <i>Bacillus</i> baijiu aroma compounds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/65 |
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