Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms
Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, including copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), display antimicrobial activities and are regarded as promising microorganism inhibitors. Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of CuNPs in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) using two pa...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/21/3715 |
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| author | Meng-Jiun Lai Yue-Wern Huang Hsuan-Chun Chen Li-I Tsao Chih-Fang Chang Chien Bhaskar Singh Betty Revon Liu |
| author_facet | Meng-Jiun Lai Yue-Wern Huang Hsuan-Chun Chen Li-I Tsao Chih-Fang Chang Chien Bhaskar Singh Betty Revon Liu |
| author_sort | Meng-Jiun Lai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, including copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), display antimicrobial activities and are regarded as promising microorganism inhibitors. Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of CuNPs in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) using two particle sizes (20 and 60 nm) and five concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL). The result showed a concentration-dependent trend of bactericidal activities for both size groups, with 20 nm particles more effective than 60 nm particles at low concentrations. The membrane disruption caused by CuNPs was confirmed by electron microscopy, PI staining and protein leaking analysis. However, the results of reactive oxygen species generation and genomic DNA damage revealed that the size and concentration of CuNPs were factors affecting the induction of multiple bactericidal mechanisms simultaneously on different scales. Further results of annexin V-PI staining supported this hypothesis by showing the shifting composition of the early-, late- and non-apoptotic dead cells across the CuNP groups. Many CuNP treatment groups were rescued when four mammalian modulators—wortmannin, necrosulfonamide, Z-VAD-FMK, and SBI-0206965—were applied separately. The results suggest the possible existence of bacterial programmed cell death pathways in <i>E. coli</i> which could be triggered by CuNP treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:46:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0be48f1cbab247d9b11e99fd316f0ba8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:46:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-0be48f1cbab247d9b11e99fd316f0ba82023-11-24T06:08:00ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-10-011221371510.3390/nano12213715Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple MechanismsMeng-Jiun Lai0Yue-Wern Huang1Hsuan-Chun Chen2Li-I Tsao3Chih-Fang Chang Chien4Bhaskar Singh5Betty Revon Liu6Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, TaiwanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, TaiwanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100229, TaiwanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100229, TaiwanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, TaiwanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, TaiwanMetal and metal oxide nanoparticles, including copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), display antimicrobial activities and are regarded as promising microorganism inhibitors. Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of CuNPs in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) using two particle sizes (20 and 60 nm) and five concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL). The result showed a concentration-dependent trend of bactericidal activities for both size groups, with 20 nm particles more effective than 60 nm particles at low concentrations. The membrane disruption caused by CuNPs was confirmed by electron microscopy, PI staining and protein leaking analysis. However, the results of reactive oxygen species generation and genomic DNA damage revealed that the size and concentration of CuNPs were factors affecting the induction of multiple bactericidal mechanisms simultaneously on different scales. Further results of annexin V-PI staining supported this hypothesis by showing the shifting composition of the early-, late- and non-apoptotic dead cells across the CuNP groups. Many CuNP treatment groups were rescued when four mammalian modulators—wortmannin, necrosulfonamide, Z-VAD-FMK, and SBI-0206965—were applied separately. The results suggest the possible existence of bacterial programmed cell death pathways in <i>E. coli</i> which could be triggered by CuNP treatments.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/21/3715copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)bactericidemembrane leakagereactive oxygen species (ROS)apoptosisprogrammed cell death |
| spellingShingle | Meng-Jiun Lai Yue-Wern Huang Hsuan-Chun Chen Li-I Tsao Chih-Fang Chang Chien Bhaskar Singh Betty Revon Liu Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms Nanomaterials copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) bactericide membrane leakage reactive oxygen species (ROS) apoptosis programmed cell death |
| title | Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms |
| title_full | Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms |
| title_short | Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in <i>Escherichia coli</i> through Multiple Mechanisms |
| title_sort | effect of size and concentration of copper nanoparticles on the antimicrobial activity in i escherichia coli i through multiple mechanisms |
| topic | copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) bactericide membrane leakage reactive oxygen species (ROS) apoptosis programmed cell death |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/21/3715 |
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