Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the r...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12269 |
| _version_ | 1797509968783474688 |
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| author | Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte |
| author_facet | Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte |
| author_sort | Stephanie Kraft |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:25:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:25:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b2023-11-22T23:39:40ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-11-0122221226910.3390/ijms222212269Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?Stephanie Kraft0Lisa Buchenauer1Tobias Polte2Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, GermanyDepartment for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, GermanyDepartment for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, GermanyFungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12269moldsmycotoxinsdysfunctional immune systemimmune system disordersimmune response |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? International Journal of Molecular Sciences molds mycotoxins dysfunctional immune system immune system disorders immune response |
| title | Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? |
| title_full | Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? |
| title_fullStr | Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? |
| title_short | Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? |
| title_sort | mold mycotoxins and a dysregulated immune system a combination of concern |
| topic | molds mycotoxins dysfunctional immune system immune system disorders immune response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12269 |
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