Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Due to the viral nature of the condition, there is no effective causal treatment for full-blown disease. Current and nonspecific TBE treatments only relieve symptoms. Unfortunately, the first phase of TBE...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10615 |
| _version_ | 1797516245298315264 |
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| author | Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk Barbara Mroczko |
| author_facet | Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk Barbara Mroczko |
| author_sort | Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Due to the viral nature of the condition, there is no effective causal treatment for full-blown disease. Current and nonspecific TBE treatments only relieve symptoms. Unfortunately, the first phase of TBE is characterized by flu-like symptoms, making diagnosis difficult during this period. The second phase is referred to as the neurological phase as it involves structures in the central nervous system—most commonly the meninges and, in more severe cases, the brain and the spinal cord. Therefore, it is important that early markers of TBE that will guide clinical decision-making and the choice of treatment are established. In this review, we performed an extensive search of literature reports relevant to biomarkers associated with TBE using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. We observed that apart from routinely determined specific immunoglobulins, free light chains may also be useful in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) during TBEV infection. Moreover, selected metalloproteinases, chemokines, or cytokines appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of TBE as a consequence of inflammatory reactions and recruitment of white blood cells into the CNS. Furthermore, we reported promising findings on tau protein or Toll-like receptors. It was also observed that some people may be predisposed to TBE. Therefore, to understand the role of selected tick-borne encephalitis biomarkers, we categorized these factors and discussed their potential application in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, or management of TBE. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:58:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0c177cb7463a452ab85a0e7fd2821e0b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:58:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0c177cb7463a452ab85a0e7fd2821e0b2023-11-22T16:12:39ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-09-0122191061510.3390/ijms221910615Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A ReviewMonika Gudowska-Sawczuk0Barbara Mroczko1Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, PolandTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Due to the viral nature of the condition, there is no effective causal treatment for full-blown disease. Current and nonspecific TBE treatments only relieve symptoms. Unfortunately, the first phase of TBE is characterized by flu-like symptoms, making diagnosis difficult during this period. The second phase is referred to as the neurological phase as it involves structures in the central nervous system—most commonly the meninges and, in more severe cases, the brain and the spinal cord. Therefore, it is important that early markers of TBE that will guide clinical decision-making and the choice of treatment are established. In this review, we performed an extensive search of literature reports relevant to biomarkers associated with TBE using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. We observed that apart from routinely determined specific immunoglobulins, free light chains may also be useful in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) during TBEV infection. Moreover, selected metalloproteinases, chemokines, or cytokines appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of TBE as a consequence of inflammatory reactions and recruitment of white blood cells into the CNS. Furthermore, we reported promising findings on tau protein or Toll-like receptors. It was also observed that some people may be predisposed to TBE. Therefore, to understand the role of selected tick-borne encephalitis biomarkers, we categorized these factors and discussed their potential application in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, or management of TBE.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10615biomarkertick-borne encephalitisinflammationimmunoglobulinfree light chainmetalloproteinase |
| spellingShingle | Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk Barbara Mroczko Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review International Journal of Molecular Sciences biomarker tick-borne encephalitis inflammation immunoglobulin free light chain metalloproteinase |
| title | Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review |
| title_full | Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review |
| title_short | Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review |
| title_sort | selected biomarkers of tick borne encephalitis a review |
| topic | biomarker tick-borne encephalitis inflammation immunoglobulin free light chain metalloproteinase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10615 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT monikagudowskasawczuk selectedbiomarkersoftickborneencephalitisareview AT barbaramroczko selectedbiomarkersoftickborneencephalitisareview |