Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete
The kaolinite content is principally responsible for the durability performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), which calls into question its global applicability. The clay supply has a significant impact on the LC3 system’s reduced carbon footprint advantage. The influence of kaolinite con...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/374 |
| _version_ | 1797625301069463552 |
|---|---|
| author | Kiran Ram Matea Flegar Marijana Serdar Karen Scrivener |
| author_facet | Kiran Ram Matea Flegar Marijana Serdar Karen Scrivener |
| author_sort | Kiran Ram |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The kaolinite content is principally responsible for the durability performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), which calls into question its global applicability. The clay supply has a significant impact on the LC3 system’s reduced carbon footprint advantage. The influence of kaolinite concentration from two separate clays (collected in East South-East Europe) on the durability performance of concrete was investigated in this study. The low-kaolinitic clay had 18% kaolinite, while the medium-kaolinitic clay contained around 41% kaolinite. The compressive strength, chloride intrusion, electrical conductivity, surface resistivity, and sorptivity index were measured on concrete after 28 days. Furthermore, the pore structure development of these mixtures was investigated in relation to the kaolinite content of the mixtures. The reactivity test was performed on clays to measure their reactivity levels within the cementitious system. The results show that kaolinite content has a moderate effect on compressive strength, but it has a considerable effect on other durability indices. When compared to the Portland cement mixture, the chloride migration and diffusion coefficients were reduced by 50% and 36%, respectively, in the combination with a medium kaolinite content (more than 40%). The low-kaolinitic clay, on the other hand, achieved 60% of the chloride penetration resistance of the medium-kaolinitic clay. Furthermore, low-kaolinitic clay has been demonstrated to be suitable for low-carbon concrete in moderate exposure conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0c3d62b33fe64ae3a4ccfbe0b3f844d0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-0c3d62b33fe64ae3a4ccfbe0b3f844d02023-11-16T15:50:48ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-12-0116137410.3390/ma16010374Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) ConcreteKiran Ram0Matea Flegar1Marijana Serdar2Karen Scrivener3Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaLaboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, SwitzerlandThe kaolinite content is principally responsible for the durability performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), which calls into question its global applicability. The clay supply has a significant impact on the LC3 system’s reduced carbon footprint advantage. The influence of kaolinite concentration from two separate clays (collected in East South-East Europe) on the durability performance of concrete was investigated in this study. The low-kaolinitic clay had 18% kaolinite, while the medium-kaolinitic clay contained around 41% kaolinite. The compressive strength, chloride intrusion, electrical conductivity, surface resistivity, and sorptivity index were measured on concrete after 28 days. Furthermore, the pore structure development of these mixtures was investigated in relation to the kaolinite content of the mixtures. The reactivity test was performed on clays to measure their reactivity levels within the cementitious system. The results show that kaolinite content has a moderate effect on compressive strength, but it has a considerable effect on other durability indices. When compared to the Portland cement mixture, the chloride migration and diffusion coefficients were reduced by 50% and 36%, respectively, in the combination with a medium kaolinite content (more than 40%). The low-kaolinitic clay, on the other hand, achieved 60% of the chloride penetration resistance of the medium-kaolinitic clay. Furthermore, low-kaolinitic clay has been demonstrated to be suitable for low-carbon concrete in moderate exposure conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/374kaolinite calcined claychloride penetrationelectrical resistivitychloride bindingcapillary pore volumecritical pore entry diameter |
| spellingShingle | Kiran Ram Matea Flegar Marijana Serdar Karen Scrivener Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete Materials kaolinite calcined clay chloride penetration electrical resistivity chloride binding capillary pore volume critical pore entry diameter |
| title | Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete |
| title_full | Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete |
| title_short | Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete |
| title_sort | influence of low to medium kaolinite clay on the durability of limestone calcined clay cement lc3 concrete |
| topic | kaolinite calcined clay chloride penetration electrical resistivity chloride binding capillary pore volume critical pore entry diameter |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/374 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kiranram influenceoflowtomediumkaoliniteclayonthedurabilityoflimestonecalcinedclaycementlc3concrete AT mateaflegar influenceoflowtomediumkaoliniteclayonthedurabilityoflimestonecalcinedclaycementlc3concrete AT marijanaserdar influenceoflowtomediumkaoliniteclayonthedurabilityoflimestonecalcinedclaycementlc3concrete AT karenscrivener influenceoflowtomediumkaoliniteclayonthedurabilityoflimestonecalcinedclaycementlc3concrete |