Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L.
This is the first study to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of three phenolic compounds present in the essential oil of the labdanum of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i>, an allelopathic species of the Mediterranean ecosystem. Propiophenone, 4′-methylacetophenone, and 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone sl...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1187 |
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| author | María Espinosa-Colín Irene Hernandez-Caballero Celia Infante Irene Gago Javier García-Muñoz Teresa Sosa |
| author_facet | María Espinosa-Colín Irene Hernandez-Caballero Celia Infante Irene Gago Javier García-Muñoz Teresa Sosa |
| author_sort | María Espinosa-Colín |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This is the first study to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of three phenolic compounds present in the essential oil of the labdanum of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i>, an allelopathic species of the Mediterranean ecosystem. Propiophenone, 4′-methylacetophenone, and 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone slightly inhibit total germination and radicle growth of <i>Lactuca sativa</i>, and they strongly delay germination and reduce hypocotyl size. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of these compounds on <i>Allium cepa</i> was stronger on total germination than on germination rate, and radicle length compared to hypocotyl size. The position and number of methyl groups will affect the efficacy of the derivative. 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone was the most phytotoxic compound. The activity of the compounds depended on their concentration and presented hormetic effects. In <i>L. sativa</i>, on paper, propiophenone presented greater inhibition of hypocotyl size at greater concentrations, with IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.1 mM, whereas 4′-methylacetophenone obtained IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.4 mM for germination rate. When the mixture of the three compounds was applied, in <i>L. sativa</i>, on paper, the inhibition effect on total germination and the germination rate was significantly greater compared to the effect of the compounds when they were applied separately; moreover, the mixture inhibited radicle growth, whereas propiophenone and 4′-methylacetophenone did not exert such effect when applied separately. The activity of the pure compounds and that of the mixture also changed based on the substrate used. When the trial was conducted in soil, the separate compounds delayed the germination of the <i>A. cepa</i> to a greater extent compared to the trial on paper, although they stimulated seedling growth. In soil, <i>L. sativa</i> against 4′-methylacetophenone also showed the opposite effect at low concentrations (0.1 mM), with stimulation of germination rate, whereas propiophenone and 4′-methylacetophenone presented a slightly increased effect. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:13:09Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-0c6752e1ad6a44918c258303cfde21d82023-11-17T08:25:18ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-03-01125118710.3390/plants12051187Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L.María Espinosa-Colín0Irene Hernandez-Caballero1Celia Infante2Irene Gago3Javier García-Muñoz4Teresa Sosa5Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainDepartment of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainDepartment of Forest Resources Technology, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainToxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainThis is the first study to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of three phenolic compounds present in the essential oil of the labdanum of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i>, an allelopathic species of the Mediterranean ecosystem. Propiophenone, 4′-methylacetophenone, and 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone slightly inhibit total germination and radicle growth of <i>Lactuca sativa</i>, and they strongly delay germination and reduce hypocotyl size. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of these compounds on <i>Allium cepa</i> was stronger on total germination than on germination rate, and radicle length compared to hypocotyl size. The position and number of methyl groups will affect the efficacy of the derivative. 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone was the most phytotoxic compound. The activity of the compounds depended on their concentration and presented hormetic effects. In <i>L. sativa</i>, on paper, propiophenone presented greater inhibition of hypocotyl size at greater concentrations, with IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.1 mM, whereas 4′-methylacetophenone obtained IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.4 mM for germination rate. When the mixture of the three compounds was applied, in <i>L. sativa</i>, on paper, the inhibition effect on total germination and the germination rate was significantly greater compared to the effect of the compounds when they were applied separately; moreover, the mixture inhibited radicle growth, whereas propiophenone and 4′-methylacetophenone did not exert such effect when applied separately. The activity of the pure compounds and that of the mixture also changed based on the substrate used. When the trial was conducted in soil, the separate compounds delayed the germination of the <i>A. cepa</i> to a greater extent compared to the trial on paper, although they stimulated seedling growth. In soil, <i>L. sativa</i> against 4′-methylacetophenone also showed the opposite effect at low concentrations (0.1 mM), with stimulation of germination rate, whereas propiophenone and 4′-methylacetophenone presented a slightly increased effect.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1187phytotoxicityphenolic compoundsallelopathy<i>Cistus ladanifer</i>bioherbicides |
| spellingShingle | María Espinosa-Colín Irene Hernandez-Caballero Celia Infante Irene Gago Javier García-Muñoz Teresa Sosa Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Plants phytotoxicity phenolic compounds allelopathy <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> bioherbicides |
| title | Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. |
| title_full | Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. |
| title_short | Evaluation of Propiophenone, 4-Methylacetophenone and 2′,4′-Dimethylacetophenone as Phytotoxic Compounds of Labdanum Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. |
| title_sort | evaluation of propiophenone 4 methylacetophenone and 2 4 dimethylacetophenone as phytotoxic compounds of labdanum oil from i cistus ladanifer i l |
| topic | phytotoxicity phenolic compounds allelopathy <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> bioherbicides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1187 |
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