The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia)
This study examined the phenolic acids, flavonoids, and salicylates contents in young, 3-month-old shoots (including the leaves) of willow (<i>Salix</i> spp.). The cultivars were selected based on experiments carried out previously in Poland on fodder and energy willows. It was found, us...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/7/612 |
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| author | Maciej Budny Kazimierz Zalewski Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski Wiesław Wiczkowski Adam Okorski Robert Stryiński |
| author_facet | Maciej Budny Kazimierz Zalewski Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski Wiesław Wiczkowski Adam Okorski Robert Stryiński |
| author_sort | Maciej Budny |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examined the phenolic acids, flavonoids, and salicylates contents in young, 3-month-old shoots (including the leaves) of willow (<i>Salix</i> spp.). The cultivars were selected based on experiments carried out previously in Poland on fodder and energy willows. It was found, using the HPLC-MS/MS method, that the willow cultivars analyzed from three experimental plots, contained nine different phenolic acids, five salicylates and nine flavonoids, including four flavanols (quercetin, kaempferol, taxifolin and isorhamnetin), two flavanones (prunin, naringenin), two flavones (luteolin, apigenin) and one flavan-3-ol (catechin). The contents of individual compounds were not identical and depended on the cultivar from which they were isolated. The <i>S. laurina</i> 220/205 and <i>S. amygdalina</i> Krakowianka contained the greatest amounts of phenolic acids. The lowest quantities of these compounds were found in the <i>S. viminalis</i> Tur, <i>S. pantaderana</i> and <i>S. cordata</i> clone 1036. The highest concentration of flavonoids in young stems was found in <i>S. fragilis</i> clone 1043. The <i>S. purpurea</i> clone 1131 contained the highest amounts of salicylic compounds. Based on the results obtained from all experimental plots, it was shown that there is a negative correlation between the extent of browsing damage and the content of helicine and salicin from the group of salicylic compounds. A similar analysis between the phenolic acid concentration and the degree of willow browsing showed a positive correlation, especially between ferulic, trans-cinnamic, and synapinic acid. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of protocatechic acid content and browsing by cervids. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:45:38Z |
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| id | doaj.art-0cd797683815438a921d3f7792c4b7b0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:45:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0cd797683815438a921d3f7792c4b7b02023-11-22T03:15:17ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372021-07-0110761210.3390/biology10070612The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia)Maciej Budny0Kazimierz Zalewski1Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski2Wiesław Wiczkowski3Adam Okorski4Robert Stryiński5Polish Hunting Association, Research Station, Sokolnicza St. 12, 64-020 Czempiń, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego St. 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandGroup of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-718 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego St. 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandThis study examined the phenolic acids, flavonoids, and salicylates contents in young, 3-month-old shoots (including the leaves) of willow (<i>Salix</i> spp.). The cultivars were selected based on experiments carried out previously in Poland on fodder and energy willows. It was found, using the HPLC-MS/MS method, that the willow cultivars analyzed from three experimental plots, contained nine different phenolic acids, five salicylates and nine flavonoids, including four flavanols (quercetin, kaempferol, taxifolin and isorhamnetin), two flavanones (prunin, naringenin), two flavones (luteolin, apigenin) and one flavan-3-ol (catechin). The contents of individual compounds were not identical and depended on the cultivar from which they were isolated. The <i>S. laurina</i> 220/205 and <i>S. amygdalina</i> Krakowianka contained the greatest amounts of phenolic acids. The lowest quantities of these compounds were found in the <i>S. viminalis</i> Tur, <i>S. pantaderana</i> and <i>S. cordata</i> clone 1036. The highest concentration of flavonoids in young stems was found in <i>S. fragilis</i> clone 1043. The <i>S. purpurea</i> clone 1131 contained the highest amounts of salicylic compounds. Based on the results obtained from all experimental plots, it was shown that there is a negative correlation between the extent of browsing damage and the content of helicine and salicin from the group of salicylic compounds. A similar analysis between the phenolic acid concentration and the degree of willow browsing showed a positive correlation, especially between ferulic, trans-cinnamic, and synapinic acid. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of protocatechic acid content and browsing by cervids.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/7/612<i>Salix</i>phenolic acidsflavonoidssalicylic compoundswild animalsdeer browsing |
| spellingShingle | Maciej Budny Kazimierz Zalewski Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski Wiesław Wiczkowski Adam Okorski Robert Stryiński The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) Biology <i>Salix</i> phenolic acids flavonoids salicylic compounds wild animals deer browsing |
| title | The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) |
| title_full | The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) |
| title_fullStr | The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) |
| title_short | The Phenolic Compounds in the Young Shoots of Selected Willow Cultivars as a Determinant of the Plants’ Attractiveness to Cervids (Cervidae, Mammalia) |
| title_sort | phenolic compounds in the young shoots of selected willow cultivars as a determinant of the plants attractiveness to cervids cervidae mammalia |
| topic | <i>Salix</i> phenolic acids flavonoids salicylic compounds wild animals deer browsing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/7/612 |
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