Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies
The template matching technique is one of the most applied methods to find patterns in images, in which a reduced-size image, called a target, is searched within another image that represents the overall environment. In this work, template matching is used via a co-design system. A hardware coproces...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5881 |
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| author | Nadia Nedjah Alexandre V. Cardoso Yuri M. Tavares Luiza de Macedo Mourelle Brij Booshan Gupta Varsha Arya |
| author_facet | Nadia Nedjah Alexandre V. Cardoso Yuri M. Tavares Luiza de Macedo Mourelle Brij Booshan Gupta Varsha Arya |
| author_sort | Nadia Nedjah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The template matching technique is one of the most applied methods to find patterns in images, in which a reduced-size image, called a target, is searched within another image that represents the overall environment. In this work, template matching is used via a co-design system. A hardware coprocessor is designed for the computationally demanding step of template matching, which is the calculation of the normalized cross-correlation coefficient. This computation allows invariance in the global brightness changes in the images, but it is computationally more expensive when using images of larger dimensions, or even sets of images. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of six different swarm intelligence techniques aiming to accelerate the target search process. To evaluate the proposed design, the processing time, the number of iterations, and the success rate were compared. The results show that it is possible to obtain approaches capable of processing video images at 30 frames per second with an acceptable average success rate for detecting the tracked target. The search strategies based on PSO, ABC, FFA, and CS are able to meet the processing time of 30 frame/s, yielding average accuracy rates above 80% for the pipelined co-design implementation. However, FWA, EHO, and BFOA could not achieve the required timing restriction, and they achieved an acceptance rate around 60%. Among all the investigated search strategies, the PSO provides the best performance, yielding an average processing time of 16.22 ms coupled with a 95% success rate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:29:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0cdc953cce9c461eaaba0f980247d946 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:29:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-0cdc953cce9c461eaaba0f980247d9462023-11-18T17:28:08ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-06-012313588110.3390/s23135881Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search StrategiesNadia Nedjah0Alexandre V. Cardoso1Yuri M. Tavares2Luiza de Macedo Mourelle3Brij Booshan Gupta4Varsha Arya5Department of Electronics Engineering and Telecommunications, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.550-900, BrazilDepartment of Electronics Engineering and Telecommunications, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.550-900, BrazilDepartment of Electronics Engineering and Telecommunications, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.550-900, BrazilDepartment of Systems Engineering and Computation, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.550-900, BrazilDepartment of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, TaiwanDepartment of Business Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, TaiwanThe template matching technique is one of the most applied methods to find patterns in images, in which a reduced-size image, called a target, is searched within another image that represents the overall environment. In this work, template matching is used via a co-design system. A hardware coprocessor is designed for the computationally demanding step of template matching, which is the calculation of the normalized cross-correlation coefficient. This computation allows invariance in the global brightness changes in the images, but it is computationally more expensive when using images of larger dimensions, or even sets of images. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of six different swarm intelligence techniques aiming to accelerate the target search process. To evaluate the proposed design, the processing time, the number of iterations, and the success rate were compared. The results show that it is possible to obtain approaches capable of processing video images at 30 frames per second with an acceptable average success rate for detecting the tracked target. The search strategies based on PSO, ABC, FFA, and CS are able to meet the processing time of 30 frame/s, yielding average accuracy rates above 80% for the pipelined co-design implementation. However, FWA, EHO, and BFOA could not achieve the required timing restriction, and they achieved an acceptance rate around 60%. Among all the investigated search strategies, the PSO provides the best performance, yielding an average processing time of 16.22 ms coupled with a 95% success rate.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5881object trackingtemplate matchingswarm intelligenceimage cross-correlation |
| spellingShingle | Nadia Nedjah Alexandre V. Cardoso Yuri M. Tavares Luiza de Macedo Mourelle Brij Booshan Gupta Varsha Arya Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies Sensors object tracking template matching swarm intelligence image cross-correlation |
| title | Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies |
| title_full | Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies |
| title_short | Co-Design Dedicated System for Efficient Object Tracking Using Swarm Intelligence-Oriented Search Strategies |
| title_sort | co design dedicated system for efficient object tracking using swarm intelligence oriented search strategies |
| topic | object tracking template matching swarm intelligence image cross-correlation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5881 |
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