Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard
The calanoid copepod Calanus glacialis dominates the mesozooplankton biomass in the Arctic shelf seas, but its smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicus is expanding northwards and may potentially replace it if the climate continues to warm. Here we studied the population structure, overwi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.877910/full |
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| author | Maja Hatlebakk Maja Hatlebakk Ksenia Kosobokova Malin Daase Janne E. Søreide |
| author_facet | Maja Hatlebakk Maja Hatlebakk Ksenia Kosobokova Malin Daase Janne E. Søreide |
| author_sort | Maja Hatlebakk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The calanoid copepod Calanus glacialis dominates the mesozooplankton biomass in the Arctic shelf seas, but its smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicus is expanding northwards and may potentially replace it if the climate continues to warm. Here we studied the population structure, overwintering strategies, gonad maturation and egg production of C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus over a period of 15 consecutive months in a high-Arctic fjord with sub-Arctic ocean climate and no sea ice formation in winter. The relative proportions of C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus varied throughout the study period, but with an overall dominance of C. glacialis. The overwintering population of C. glacialis was dominated by copepodite stage CIV (74%) while C. finmarchicus overwintered mainly as CV (65%), reflecting a primarily two- and one-year life cycle, respectively. Adult males and females of C. glacialis appeared as early as October with a peak during December-January, two months earlier than in C. finmarchicus, with a corresponding one-month earlier peak in recruitment for C. glacialis. While C. glacialis reproduced prior to the bloom with egg production peaking during the bloom, C. finmarchicus started egg laying during the bloom and continued to reproduce throughout the summer. Seasonal changes in the population structure suggest that C. finmarchicus born early in spring are able to develop to CV during summer and overwinter successfully, while offspring born later in the season do most likely not reach the CV overwintering stage. The ability to reproduce early and the flexibility to alter between 1- and 2-year life cycles give C. glacialis an advantage over C. finmarchicus in high-Arctic unpredictable environments with short-pulsed primary production regimes. Our data indicate that C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus occupy similar environmental niches, but different timing in reproduction reduces the competition. If sea temperatures remain within their temperature-tolerance ranges, both C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus seem to benefit from warming due to accelerating growth and higher survival of the recruits as long as C. glacialis has access to a colder refuge by descending to deeper depths. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:29:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d131a6685f9442b9903d9a87644757f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:29:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d131a6685f9442b9903d9a87644757f2022-12-22T00:28:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452022-05-01910.3389/fmars.2022.877910877910Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, SvalbardMaja Hatlebakk0Maja Hatlebakk1Ksenia Kosobokova2Malin Daase3Janne E. Søreide4Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, NorwayFaculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, NorwayShirshov Institute of Oceanology, Department of Marine Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayDepartment of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, NorwayThe calanoid copepod Calanus glacialis dominates the mesozooplankton biomass in the Arctic shelf seas, but its smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicus is expanding northwards and may potentially replace it if the climate continues to warm. Here we studied the population structure, overwintering strategies, gonad maturation and egg production of C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus over a period of 15 consecutive months in a high-Arctic fjord with sub-Arctic ocean climate and no sea ice formation in winter. The relative proportions of C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus varied throughout the study period, but with an overall dominance of C. glacialis. The overwintering population of C. glacialis was dominated by copepodite stage CIV (74%) while C. finmarchicus overwintered mainly as CV (65%), reflecting a primarily two- and one-year life cycle, respectively. Adult males and females of C. glacialis appeared as early as October with a peak during December-January, two months earlier than in C. finmarchicus, with a corresponding one-month earlier peak in recruitment for C. glacialis. While C. glacialis reproduced prior to the bloom with egg production peaking during the bloom, C. finmarchicus started egg laying during the bloom and continued to reproduce throughout the summer. Seasonal changes in the population structure suggest that C. finmarchicus born early in spring are able to develop to CV during summer and overwinter successfully, while offspring born later in the season do most likely not reach the CV overwintering stage. The ability to reproduce early and the flexibility to alter between 1- and 2-year life cycles give C. glacialis an advantage over C. finmarchicus in high-Arctic unpredictable environments with short-pulsed primary production regimes. Our data indicate that C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus occupy similar environmental niches, but different timing in reproduction reduces the competition. If sea temperatures remain within their temperature-tolerance ranges, both C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus seem to benefit from warming due to accelerating growth and higher survival of the recruits as long as C. glacialis has access to a colder refuge by descending to deeper depths.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.877910/fullcalanoid copepodsSvalbard fjordsreproductiongonad maturationpopulation structureclimate |
| spellingShingle | Maja Hatlebakk Maja Hatlebakk Ksenia Kosobokova Malin Daase Janne E. Søreide Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard Frontiers in Marine Science calanoid copepods Svalbard fjords reproduction gonad maturation population structure climate |
| title | Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard |
| title_full | Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard |
| title_fullStr | Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard |
| title_short | Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard |
| title_sort | contrasting life traits of sympatric calanus glacialis and c finmarchicus in a warming arctic revealed by a year round study in isfjorden svalbard |
| topic | calanoid copepods Svalbard fjords reproduction gonad maturation population structure climate |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.877910/full |
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