Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea
Evaporation ducts are abnormal states of the atmosphere in the air–sea boundary layer that directly affect the propagation trajectory of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of the evaporation duct height (EDH) is important for studying the propagation trajectory of EM waves...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8786 |
| _version_ | 1797631308249169920 |
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| author | Cheng Zhang Zhijin Qiu Chen Fan Guoqing Song Bo Wang Tong Hu Jing Zou Zhiqian Li Sheng Wu |
| author_facet | Cheng Zhang Zhijin Qiu Chen Fan Guoqing Song Bo Wang Tong Hu Jing Zou Zhiqian Li Sheng Wu |
| author_sort | Cheng Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Evaporation ducts are abnormal states of the atmosphere in the air–sea boundary layer that directly affect the propagation trajectory of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of the evaporation duct height (EDH) is important for studying the propagation trajectory of EM waves in evaporation ducts. Most evaporation duct models (EDMs) based on the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory are empirical methods. Different EDMs have different levels of environmental adaptability. Evaporation duct diagnosis methods based on machine learning methods only consider the mathematical relationship between data and do not explore the physical mechanism of evaporation ducts. To solve the above problems, this study observed the meteorological and hydrological parameters of the five layers of the low-altitude atmosphere in the East China Sea on board the research vessel Xiangyanghong 18 in April 2021 and obtained the atmospheric refractivity profile. An evaporation duct multimodel fusion diagnosis method (MMF) based on a library for support vector machines (LIBSVM) is proposed. First, based on the observed meteorological and hydrological data, the differences between the EDH diagnosis results of different EDMs and MMF were analyzed. When ASTD ≥ 0, the average errors of the diagnostic results of BYC, NPS, NWA, NRL, LKB, and MMF are 2.57 m, 2.92 m, 2.67 m, 3.27 m, 2.57 m, and 0.24 m, respectively. When ASTD < 0, the average errors are 2.95 m, 2.94 m, 2.98 m, 2.99 m, 2.97 m, and 0.41 m, respectively. Then, the EM wave path loss accuracy analysis was performed on the EDH diagnosis results of the NPS model and the MMF. When ASTD ≥ 0, the average path loss errors of the NPS model and MMF are 5.44 dB and 2.74 dB, respectively. When ASTD < 0, the average errors are 5.21 dB and 3.46 dB, respectively. The results show that the MMF is suitable for EDH diagnosis, and the diagnosis accuracy is higher than other models. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:00Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-0d290fd8d8524ad396e4afb79e63274c2023-11-10T15:12:05ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-10-012321878610.3390/s23218786Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China SeaCheng Zhang0Zhijin Qiu1Chen Fan2Guoqing Song3Bo Wang4Tong Hu5Jing Zou6Zhiqian Li7Sheng Wu8Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaInstitute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266001, ChinaYantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, ChinaEvaporation ducts are abnormal states of the atmosphere in the air–sea boundary layer that directly affect the propagation trajectory of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of the evaporation duct height (EDH) is important for studying the propagation trajectory of EM waves in evaporation ducts. Most evaporation duct models (EDMs) based on the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory are empirical methods. Different EDMs have different levels of environmental adaptability. Evaporation duct diagnosis methods based on machine learning methods only consider the mathematical relationship between data and do not explore the physical mechanism of evaporation ducts. To solve the above problems, this study observed the meteorological and hydrological parameters of the five layers of the low-altitude atmosphere in the East China Sea on board the research vessel Xiangyanghong 18 in April 2021 and obtained the atmospheric refractivity profile. An evaporation duct multimodel fusion diagnosis method (MMF) based on a library for support vector machines (LIBSVM) is proposed. First, based on the observed meteorological and hydrological data, the differences between the EDH diagnosis results of different EDMs and MMF were analyzed. When ASTD ≥ 0, the average errors of the diagnostic results of BYC, NPS, NWA, NRL, LKB, and MMF are 2.57 m, 2.92 m, 2.67 m, 3.27 m, 2.57 m, and 0.24 m, respectively. When ASTD < 0, the average errors are 2.95 m, 2.94 m, 2.98 m, 2.99 m, 2.97 m, and 0.41 m, respectively. Then, the EM wave path loss accuracy analysis was performed on the EDH diagnosis results of the NPS model and the MMF. When ASTD ≥ 0, the average path loss errors of the NPS model and MMF are 5.44 dB and 2.74 dB, respectively. When ASTD < 0, the average errors are 5.21 dB and 3.46 dB, respectively. The results show that the MMF is suitable for EDH diagnosis, and the diagnosis accuracy is higher than other models.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8786electromagnetic wave propagationevaporation ductmultimodel fusionMonin–Obukhov similarity theoryLIBSVM |
| spellingShingle | Cheng Zhang Zhijin Qiu Chen Fan Guoqing Song Bo Wang Tong Hu Jing Zou Zhiqian Li Sheng Wu Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea Sensors electromagnetic wave propagation evaporation duct multimodel fusion Monin–Obukhov similarity theory LIBSVM |
| title | Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea |
| title_full | Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea |
| title_fullStr | Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea |
| title_short | Research on a Multimodel Fusion Diagnosis Method for Evaporation Ducts in the East China Sea |
| title_sort | research on a multimodel fusion diagnosis method for evaporation ducts in the east china sea |
| topic | electromagnetic wave propagation evaporation duct multimodel fusion Monin–Obukhov similarity theory LIBSVM |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8786 |
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