Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis
A number of studies from the literature have suggested that exposure to air pollutants is associated with a declined bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risks of osteoporosis (OP) and bone fractures. This study was performed to systemically assess the genetically causal associations of air pol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/27 |
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| author | Xiao Hu Yan Zhao Tian He Zhao-Xing Gao Peng Zhang Yang Fang Man Ge Yi-Qing Xu Hai-Feng Pan Peng Wang |
| author_facet | Xiao Hu Yan Zhao Tian He Zhao-Xing Gao Peng Zhang Yang Fang Man Ge Yi-Qing Xu Hai-Feng Pan Peng Wang |
| author_sort | Xiao Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A number of studies from the literature have suggested that exposure to air pollutants is associated with a declined bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risks of osteoporosis (OP) and bone fractures. This study was performed to systemically assess the genetically causal associations of air pollutants with site-/age-specific BMD and risk of bone fractures with the implementation of two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR). The TSMR analysis was implemented to infer the causal associations between air pollutants and BMD and the risk of bone fractures, additional MVMR analysis was used to further estimate the direct causal effects between air pollutants and BMD, the occurrence of OP, and bone fractures. The results showed that NOx exposure contributed to lower femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD) (β = −0.71, 95%CI: −1.22, −0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and total body BMD (TB-BMD) (β = −0.55, 95%CI: −0.90, −0.21, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Additionally, exposure to PM10 was found to be associated with a decreased TB-BMD (B β = −0.42, 95%CI: −0.66, −0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.001), further age-specific subgroup analysis demonstrated the causal effect of PM10 exposure on the decreased TB-BMD in a subgroup aged 45 to 60 years (β = −0.70, 95%CI: −1.12, −0.29, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Moreover, the findings of the MVMR analysis implied that there was a direct causal effect between PM10 exposure and the decreased TB-BMD (45 < age < 60), after adjusting for PM2.5 and PM2.5 —10 exposure. Our study provides additional evidence to support the causal associations of higher concentrations of air pollutant exposure with decreased BMD, especially in those populations aged between 45 to 60 years, suggesting that early intervention measures and public policy should be considered to improve public health awareness and promote bone health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:34:03Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:34:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d2aa3a41dad4aa494b961d348bb681d2024-01-26T18:41:00ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-12-011212710.3390/toxics12010027Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization AnalysisXiao Hu0Yan Zhao1Tian He2Zhao-Xing Gao3Peng Zhang4Yang Fang5Man Ge6Yi-Qing Xu7Hai-Feng Pan8Peng Wang9Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaInstitute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, ChinaTeaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, ChinaA number of studies from the literature have suggested that exposure to air pollutants is associated with a declined bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risks of osteoporosis (OP) and bone fractures. This study was performed to systemically assess the genetically causal associations of air pollutants with site-/age-specific BMD and risk of bone fractures with the implementation of two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR). The TSMR analysis was implemented to infer the causal associations between air pollutants and BMD and the risk of bone fractures, additional MVMR analysis was used to further estimate the direct causal effects between air pollutants and BMD, the occurrence of OP, and bone fractures. The results showed that NOx exposure contributed to lower femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD) (β = −0.71, 95%CI: −1.22, −0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and total body BMD (TB-BMD) (β = −0.55, 95%CI: −0.90, −0.21, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Additionally, exposure to PM10 was found to be associated with a decreased TB-BMD (B β = −0.42, 95%CI: −0.66, −0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.001), further age-specific subgroup analysis demonstrated the causal effect of PM10 exposure on the decreased TB-BMD in a subgroup aged 45 to 60 years (β = −0.70, 95%CI: −1.12, −0.29, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Moreover, the findings of the MVMR analysis implied that there was a direct causal effect between PM10 exposure and the decreased TB-BMD (45 < age < 60), after adjusting for PM2.5 and PM2.5 —10 exposure. Our study provides additional evidence to support the causal associations of higher concentrations of air pollutant exposure with decreased BMD, especially in those populations aged between 45 to 60 years, suggesting that early intervention measures and public policy should be considered to improve public health awareness and promote bone health.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/27air pollutionbone mineral densityosteoporosisbone fractures |
| spellingShingle | Xiao Hu Yan Zhao Tian He Zhao-Xing Gao Peng Zhang Yang Fang Man Ge Yi-Qing Xu Hai-Feng Pan Peng Wang Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis Toxics air pollution bone mineral density osteoporosis bone fractures |
| title | Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
| title_full | Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
| title_short | Causal Relationships between Air Pollutant Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Bone Fractures: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
| title_sort | causal relationships between air pollutant exposure and bone mineral density and the risk of bone fractures evidence from a two stage mendelian randomization analysis |
| topic | air pollution bone mineral density osteoporosis bone fractures |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/27 |
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