Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kynurenine (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn) is an endogenous metabolite produced in the catabolic route of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Tryptop...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/1/3 |
| _version_ | 1797358236022603776 |
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| author | Roberta Del Sole Tiziana Stomeo Lucia Mergola |
| author_facet | Roberta Del Sole Tiziana Stomeo Lucia Mergola |
| author_sort | Roberta Del Sole |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kynurenine (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn) is an endogenous metabolite produced in the catabolic route of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Tryptophan (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp), and it is a potential biomarker of several immunological disorders. Thus, the development of a fast and cheap technology for the specific detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn in biological fluids is of great relevance, especially considering its recent correlation with SARS-CoV-2 disease progression. Herein, a disposable screen-printed electrode based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has been constructed: the <i>o</i>-Phenylenediamine monomer, in the presence of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn as a template with a molar ratio of monomer/template of 1/4, has been electropolymerized on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The optimized kyn-MIP-SPCE has been characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV), using [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>)]<sup>3−/4−</sup> as a redox probe and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. After the optimization of various experimental parameters, such as the number of CV electropolymerization cycles, urine pretreatment, electrochemical measurement method and incubation period, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn has been detected in standard solutions via square wave voltammetry (SWV) with a linear range between 10 and 100 μM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9924). The MIP-SPCE device allowed <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn detection in human urine in a linear range of 10–1000 μM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9902) with LOD and LOQ values of 1.5 and 5 µM, respectively. Finally, a high selectivity factor α (5.1) was calculated for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn toward <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp. Moreover, the Imprinting Factor obtained for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn was about seventeen times higher than the IF calculated for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp. The developed disposable sensing system demonstrated its potential application in the biomedical field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:58:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d4a6f79e2894bbbbbe185db40bf71b1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:58:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d4a6f79e2894bbbbbe185db40bf71b12024-01-10T15:06:29ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-12-01161310.3390/polym16010003Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human UrineRoberta Del Sole0Tiziana Stomeo1Lucia Mergola2Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni Km 1, 73100 Lecce, ItalyCenter for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano, ItalyDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni Km 1, 73100 Lecce, Italy<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kynurenine (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn) is an endogenous metabolite produced in the catabolic route of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Tryptophan (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp), and it is a potential biomarker of several immunological disorders. Thus, the development of a fast and cheap technology for the specific detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn in biological fluids is of great relevance, especially considering its recent correlation with SARS-CoV-2 disease progression. Herein, a disposable screen-printed electrode based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has been constructed: the <i>o</i>-Phenylenediamine monomer, in the presence of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn as a template with a molar ratio of monomer/template of 1/4, has been electropolymerized on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The optimized kyn-MIP-SPCE has been characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV), using [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>)]<sup>3−/4−</sup> as a redox probe and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. After the optimization of various experimental parameters, such as the number of CV electropolymerization cycles, urine pretreatment, electrochemical measurement method and incubation period, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn has been detected in standard solutions via square wave voltammetry (SWV) with a linear range between 10 and 100 μM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9924). The MIP-SPCE device allowed <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn detection in human urine in a linear range of 10–1000 μM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9902) with LOD and LOQ values of 1.5 and 5 µM, respectively. Finally, a high selectivity factor α (5.1) was calculated for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l-</span>Kyn toward <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp. Moreover, the Imprinting Factor obtained for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Kyn was about seventeen times higher than the IF calculated for <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Trp. The developed disposable sensing system demonstrated its potential application in the biomedical field.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/1/3<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-kynurenineelectrochemical molecularly imprinted polymerpoly(<i>o</i>-phenylenediamine)modified screen-printed electrodedifferential pulse voltammetryhuman urine |
| spellingShingle | Roberta Del Sole Tiziana Stomeo Lucia Mergola Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine Polymers <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-kynurenine electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer poly(<i>o</i>-phenylenediamine) modified screen-printed electrode differential pulse voltammetry human urine |
| title | Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine |
| title_full | Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine |
| title_fullStr | Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine |
| title_short | Disposable Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Rapid Electrochemical Detection of <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Kynurenine in Human Urine |
| title_sort | disposable molecularly imprinted polymer modified screen printed electrodes for rapid electrochemical detection of span style font variant small caps l span kynurenine in human urine |
| topic | <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-kynurenine electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer poly(<i>o</i>-phenylenediamine) modified screen-printed electrode differential pulse voltammetry human urine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/1/3 |
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