Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review
Fungal infections are becoming one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in people with weakened immune systems. Mycoses are becoming more common, despite greater knowledge and better treatment methods, due to the regular emergence of resistance to the antifungal medications used in clinical...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/608 |
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| author | Ali A. Rabaan Tarek Sulaiman Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Zainab A. Buhaliqah Ali A. Buhaliqah Buthina AlYuosof Mubarak Alfaresi Mona A. Al Fares Sara Alwarthan Mohammed S. Alkathlan Reem S. Almaghrabi Abdulmonem A. Abuzaid Jaffar A. Altowaileb Maha Al Ibrahim Eman M. AlSalman Fatimah Alsalman Mohammad Alghounaim Ahmed S. Bueid Awad Al-Omari Ranjan K. Mohapatra |
| author_facet | Ali A. Rabaan Tarek Sulaiman Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Zainab A. Buhaliqah Ali A. Buhaliqah Buthina AlYuosof Mubarak Alfaresi Mona A. Al Fares Sara Alwarthan Mohammed S. Alkathlan Reem S. Almaghrabi Abdulmonem A. Abuzaid Jaffar A. Altowaileb Maha Al Ibrahim Eman M. AlSalman Fatimah Alsalman Mohammad Alghounaim Ahmed S. Bueid Awad Al-Omari Ranjan K. Mohapatra |
| author_sort | Ali A. Rabaan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungal infections are becoming one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in people with weakened immune systems. Mycoses are becoming more common, despite greater knowledge and better treatment methods, due to the regular emergence of resistance to the antifungal medications used in clinical settings. Antifungal therapy is the mainstay of patient management for acute and chronic mycoses. However, the limited availability of antifungal drug classes limits the range of available treatments. Additionally, several drawbacks to treating mycoses include unfavourable side effects, a limited activity spectrum, a paucity of targets, and fungal resistance, all of which continue to be significant issues in developing antifungal drugs. The emergence of antifungal drug resistance has eliminated accessible drug classes as treatment choices, which significantly compromises the clinical management of fungal illnesses. In some situations, the emergence of strains resistant to many antifungal medications is a major concern. Although new medications have been developed to address this issue, antifungal drug resistance has grown more pronounced, particularly in patients who need long-term care or are undergoing antifungal prophylaxis. Moreover, the mechanisms that cause resistance must be well understood, including modifications in drug target affinities and abundances, along with biofilms and efflux pumps that diminish intracellular drug levels, to find novel antifungal drugs and drug targets. In this review, different classes of antifungal agents, and their resistance mechanisms, have been discussed. The latter part of the review focuses on the strategies by which we can overcome this serious issue of antifungal resistance in humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:00:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d4af8dd9dc7473682df009becca6a6e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:00:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d4af8dd9dc7473682df009becca6a6e2023-11-17T09:15:28ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-03-0112360810.3390/antibiotics12030608Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive ReviewAli A. Rabaan0Tarek Sulaiman1Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed2Zainab A. Buhaliqah3Ali A. Buhaliqah4Buthina AlYuosof5Mubarak Alfaresi6Mona A. Al Fares7Sara Alwarthan8Mohammed S. Alkathlan9Reem S. Almaghrabi10Abdulmonem A. Abuzaid11Jaffar A. Altowaileb12Maha Al Ibrahim13Eman M. AlSalman14Fatimah Alsalman15Mohammad Alghounaim16Ahmed S. Bueid17Awad Al-Omari18Ranjan K. Mohapatra19Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi ArabiaSpecialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Family Medicine, Primary Healthcare Center, Dammam 32433, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDirectorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi 3740, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah 52382, Saudi ArabiaOrgan Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaMedical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi ArabiaMicrobiology Laboratory, Laboratory Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi ArabiaMicrobiology Laboratory, Laboratory Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care Centers, Qatif Health Network, Qatif 31911, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Oyun City Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36312, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pediatrics, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City 13041, KuwaitMicrobiology Laboratory, King Faisal General Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, IndiaFungal infections are becoming one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in people with weakened immune systems. Mycoses are becoming more common, despite greater knowledge and better treatment methods, due to the regular emergence of resistance to the antifungal medications used in clinical settings. Antifungal therapy is the mainstay of patient management for acute and chronic mycoses. However, the limited availability of antifungal drug classes limits the range of available treatments. Additionally, several drawbacks to treating mycoses include unfavourable side effects, a limited activity spectrum, a paucity of targets, and fungal resistance, all of which continue to be significant issues in developing antifungal drugs. The emergence of antifungal drug resistance has eliminated accessible drug classes as treatment choices, which significantly compromises the clinical management of fungal illnesses. In some situations, the emergence of strains resistant to many antifungal medications is a major concern. Although new medications have been developed to address this issue, antifungal drug resistance has grown more pronounced, particularly in patients who need long-term care or are undergoing antifungal prophylaxis. Moreover, the mechanisms that cause resistance must be well understood, including modifications in drug target affinities and abundances, along with biofilms and efflux pumps that diminish intracellular drug levels, to find novel antifungal drugs and drug targets. In this review, different classes of antifungal agents, and their resistance mechanisms, have been discussed. The latter part of the review focuses on the strategies by which we can overcome this serious issue of antifungal resistance in humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/608antifungalantifungal resistancefungal infectionsfungal treatments |
| spellingShingle | Ali A. Rabaan Tarek Sulaiman Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Zainab A. Buhaliqah Ali A. Buhaliqah Buthina AlYuosof Mubarak Alfaresi Mona A. Al Fares Sara Alwarthan Mohammed S. Alkathlan Reem S. Almaghrabi Abdulmonem A. Abuzaid Jaffar A. Altowaileb Maha Al Ibrahim Eman M. AlSalman Fatimah Alsalman Mohammad Alghounaim Ahmed S. Bueid Awad Al-Omari Ranjan K. Mohapatra Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review Antibiotics antifungal antifungal resistance fungal infections fungal treatments |
| title | Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Potential Strategies to Control the Risk of Antifungal Resistance in Humans: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | potential strategies to control the risk of antifungal resistance in humans a comprehensive review |
| topic | antifungal antifungal resistance fungal infections fungal treatments |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/608 |
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