Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IWA Publishing
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/3/505 |
| _version_ | 1818899915447730176 |
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| author | Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha |
| author_facet | Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha |
| author_sort | Shray Saxena |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS
Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs) use breathable laminate-lined drums to store and dry fecal sludge.;
Drying rates of 40 L containers were higher than those of 208 L drums.;
In situ drying in the 40 L EVT extended the replacement time by 45%.;
The stagnant film model predicted mass-loss rates within 28% error for the 40 L EVT.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T19:55:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee3503 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2043-9083 2408-9362 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T19:55:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee35032022-12-21T20:07:49ZengIWA PublishingJournal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development2043-90832408-93622021-05-0111350551410.2166/washdev.2021.011011Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, IndiaShray Saxena0Puneet K. Srivastava1Steven K. Dentel2Paul T. Imhoff3Daniel K. Cha4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA WaterAid India, 2/203, Vishal Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010, India Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs) use breathable laminate-lined drums to store and dry fecal sludge.; Drying rates of 40 L containers were higher than those of 208 L drums.; In situ drying in the 40 L EVT extended the replacement time by 45%.; The stagnant film model predicted mass-loss rates within 28% error for the 40 L EVT.;http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/3/505breathable laminateeco-vapor toiletsfecal sludgestagnant film model |
| spellingShingle | Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development breathable laminate eco-vapor toilets fecal sludge stagnant film model |
| title | Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India |
| title_full | Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India |
| title_fullStr | Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India |
| title_short | Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India |
| title_sort | field demonstration of breathable laminate lined container based toilets in kanpur india |
| topic | breathable laminate eco-vapor toilets fecal sludge stagnant film model |
| url | http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/3/505 |
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