Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern
Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/13/3/33 |
| _version_ | 1797579276769296384 |
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| author | Madalina-Elena Ristea Otilia Zarnescu |
| author_facet | Madalina-Elena Ristea Otilia Zarnescu |
| author_sort | Madalina-Elena Ristea |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500 mg/kg. Indigo carmine is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim, and it is also used in medicine due to its impressive applicability in diagnostic methods and surgical procedures, such as in gynecological and urological surgeries and microsurgery. It is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine; its use in various industries and medicine; the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection, or skin contact; the effects on environmental pollution; and its toxicity testing. For this review, 147 studies were considered relevant. Most of the cited articles were those about environmental pollution with indigo carmine (51), uses of indigo carmine in medicine (45), and indigo carmine as a food additive (17). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:33:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d5eb876bd1642ee8c816b9d0a1a5d53 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2039-4705 2039-4713 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:33:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d5eb876bd1642ee8c816b9d0a1a5d532023-11-19T11:30:05ZengMDPI AGJournal of Xenobiotics2039-47052039-47132023-09-0113350952810.3390/jox13030033Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and ConcernMadalina-Elena Ristea0Otilia Zarnescu1Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, R-050095 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, R-050095 Bucharest, RomaniaDyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500 mg/kg. Indigo carmine is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim, and it is also used in medicine due to its impressive applicability in diagnostic methods and surgical procedures, such as in gynecological and urological surgeries and microsurgery. It is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine; its use in various industries and medicine; the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection, or skin contact; the effects on environmental pollution; and its toxicity testing. For this review, 147 studies were considered relevant. Most of the cited articles were those about environmental pollution with indigo carmine (51), uses of indigo carmine in medicine (45), and indigo carmine as a food additive (17).https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/13/3/33indigo carminefood dyetextile dyediagnostic agenttoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Madalina-Elena Ristea Otilia Zarnescu Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern Journal of Xenobiotics indigo carmine food dye textile dye diagnostic agent toxicity |
| title | Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern |
| title_full | Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern |
| title_fullStr | Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern |
| title_short | Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern |
| title_sort | indigo carmine between necessity and concern |
| topic | indigo carmine food dye textile dye diagnostic agent toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/13/3/33 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT madalinaelenaristea indigocarminebetweennecessityandconcern AT otiliazarnescu indigocarminebetweennecessityandconcern |