Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most dominant fraction of all the byproducts formed during chlorination of water. Disinfection by product (DBP) formation in water is a function of numerous factors, including pH, temperature, residual chlorine, source water characteristics, and organic mat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-09-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023066549 |
| _version_ | 1797669814681993216 |
|---|---|
| author | Nebiyou Tafesse Massimiliano Porcelli Belachew Bacha Hirpessa Janvier Gasana R.K. Padhi Sirak Robele Argaw Ambelu |
| author_facet | Nebiyou Tafesse Massimiliano Porcelli Belachew Bacha Hirpessa Janvier Gasana R.K. Padhi Sirak Robele Argaw Ambelu |
| author_sort | Nebiyou Tafesse |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most dominant fraction of all the byproducts formed during chlorination of water. Disinfection by product (DBP) formation in water is a function of numerous factors, including pH, temperature, residual chlorine, source water characteristics, and organic matter. No study has determined the THM level in the drinking water supply of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted to collect water samples in the water supply distribution networks of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-one (21) sampling stations yielded a total of one hundred twenty (120) samples of drinking water. The sample handling and collection procedures were carried out in accordance with USEPA guidelines. A DB-5 capillary column was used to separate the THMs, which were detected using GC-ECD (gas chromatography-electron capture detector). Spectrophotometric and in situ methods were used for physicochemical parameters. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used for data analysis of trihalomethanes and environmental variables using CANOCO 4.5. Results: The mean concentration of total trihalomethanes in drinking water in Addis Ababa was 76.3 μg/L. The concentration of chloroform in the drinking water supply in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ranged between 4.03 and 79.4 μg/L. The mean total THMs in the Legedadi and Gefersa water supply systems were 77.4 μg/L and 69.66 μg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine, phosphates, UV absorbance at 254 nm, and combined chlorine had positive correlations with THM formation. However, electron conductivity had a negative correlation with THM formation. Conclusions: Chloroform contributed the most to TTHMs in nearly all samples. The residual chlorine, UV absorbance, phosphate and hardness as calcium, and electron conductivity were found to be the main predictors determining the abundance and distribution of trihalomethanes. The monitoring and regulation of the THMs is required on a regular basis to analyse trends and guide the water treatment and distribution system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T20:50:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d71b207b5f64399baad608974d429b0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T20:50:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d71b207b5f64399baad608974d429b02023-10-01T05:59:40ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402023-09-0199e19446Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNebiyou Tafesse0Massimiliano Porcelli1Belachew Bacha Hirpessa2Janvier Gasana3R.K. Padhi4Sirak Robele5Argaw Ambelu6Department of Water and Public Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Menelik II Medical and Health Sciences College, Addis Ababa Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Corresponding author. Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Quality, Health, Safety & Work Environment Department P.O. Box: 2622, Safat, 13136 Kuwait City, KuwaitBelachew Bacha Hirpessa, Ethiopian Agriculture Authority (EAA), Quality and Safety Assessment Centre, Physicochemical Lab. Services Division, P.O. Box: 31303 Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPast Inaugural Head of the Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health (EOH), Director of Postgraduate Programme & MPH-EOH Advisor, College of Public Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Shadadiya, KuwaitMaterials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102 IndiaDepartment of Water and Public Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDepartment of Water and Public Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaBackground: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most dominant fraction of all the byproducts formed during chlorination of water. Disinfection by product (DBP) formation in water is a function of numerous factors, including pH, temperature, residual chlorine, source water characteristics, and organic matter. No study has determined the THM level in the drinking water supply of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted to collect water samples in the water supply distribution networks of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-one (21) sampling stations yielded a total of one hundred twenty (120) samples of drinking water. The sample handling and collection procedures were carried out in accordance with USEPA guidelines. A DB-5 capillary column was used to separate the THMs, which were detected using GC-ECD (gas chromatography-electron capture detector). Spectrophotometric and in situ methods were used for physicochemical parameters. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used for data analysis of trihalomethanes and environmental variables using CANOCO 4.5. Results: The mean concentration of total trihalomethanes in drinking water in Addis Ababa was 76.3 μg/L. The concentration of chloroform in the drinking water supply in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ranged between 4.03 and 79.4 μg/L. The mean total THMs in the Legedadi and Gefersa water supply systems were 77.4 μg/L and 69.66 μg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine, phosphates, UV absorbance at 254 nm, and combined chlorine had positive correlations with THM formation. However, electron conductivity had a negative correlation with THM formation. Conclusions: Chloroform contributed the most to TTHMs in nearly all samples. The residual chlorine, UV absorbance, phosphate and hardness as calcium, and electron conductivity were found to be the main predictors determining the abundance and distribution of trihalomethanes. The monitoring and regulation of the THMs is required on a regular basis to analyse trends and guide the water treatment and distribution system.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023066549TrihalomethanesChlorinationElectron capture detectorDrinking waterGas chromatography |
| spellingShingle | Nebiyou Tafesse Massimiliano Porcelli Belachew Bacha Hirpessa Janvier Gasana R.K. Padhi Sirak Robele Argaw Ambelu Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Heliyon Trihalomethanes Chlorination Electron capture detector Drinking water Gas chromatography |
| title | Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_full | Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_short | Trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_sort | trihalomethanes and physicochemical quality of drinking water in addis ababa ethiopia |
| topic | Trihalomethanes Chlorination Electron capture detector Drinking water Gas chromatography |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023066549 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nebiyoutafesse trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT massimilianoporcelli trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT belachewbachahirpessa trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT janviergasana trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT rkpadhi trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT sirakrobele trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia AT argawambelu trihalomethanesandphysicochemicalqualityofdrinkingwaterinaddisababaethiopia |