Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide which has been authorized for oenological practices for the treatment of musts and wines. This authorization is limited to chitosan of fungal origin while that of crustacean origin is prohibited. To guarantee its origin, a method based on the measurement of the s...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4324 |
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| author | Elodie Claverie Matteo Perini Rob C. A. Onderwater Silvia Pianezze Roberto Larcher Stéphanie Roosa Bopha Yada Ruddy Wattiez |
| author_facet | Elodie Claverie Matteo Perini Rob C. A. Onderwater Silvia Pianezze Roberto Larcher Stéphanie Roosa Bopha Yada Ruddy Wattiez |
| author_sort | Elodie Claverie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide which has been authorized for oenological practices for the treatment of musts and wines. This authorization is limited to chitosan of fungal origin while that of crustacean origin is prohibited. To guarantee its origin, a method based on the measurement of the stable isotope ratios (SIR) of carbon <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, nitrogen <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, oxygen <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O and hydrogen <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H of chitosan has been recently proposed without indicating the threshold authenticity limits of these parameters which, for the first time, were estimated in this paper. In addition, on part of the samples analysed through SIR, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed as simple and rapid discrimination methods due to limited technological resources. Samples having <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values above −14.2‰ and below −125.1‰ can be considered as authentic fungal chitosan without needing to analyse other parameters. If the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C value falls between −25.1‰ and −24.9‰, it is necessary to proceed further with the evaluation of the parameter <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, which must be above +2.7‰. Samples having <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values lower than +25.3‰ can be considered as authentic fungal chitosan. The combination of maximum degradation temperatures (obtained using TGA) and peak areas of Amide I and NH<sub>2</sub>/Amide II (obtained using FTIR) also allows the discrimination between the two origins of the polysaccharide. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) based on TGA, FTIR and SIR data successfully distributed the tested samples into informative clusters. Therefore, we present the technologies described as part of a robust analytical strategy for the correct identification of chitosan samples from crustaceans or fungi. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:01:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0d80d94d6f494e2580c64d195d812675 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:01:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-0d80d94d6f494e2580c64d195d8126752023-11-18T08:15:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-05-012811432410.3390/molecules28114324Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the ChitosanElodie Claverie0Matteo Perini1Rob C. A. Onderwater2Silvia Pianezze3Roberto Larcher4Stéphanie Roosa5Bopha Yada6Ruddy Wattiez7MateriaNova ASBL, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, BelgiumFondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMateriaNova ASBL, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, BelgiumFondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyFondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMateriaNova ASBL, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, BelgiumMateriaNova ASBL, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, BelgiumProteomics and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, BelgiumChitosan is a natural polysaccharide which has been authorized for oenological practices for the treatment of musts and wines. This authorization is limited to chitosan of fungal origin while that of crustacean origin is prohibited. To guarantee its origin, a method based on the measurement of the stable isotope ratios (SIR) of carbon <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, nitrogen <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, oxygen <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O and hydrogen <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H of chitosan has been recently proposed without indicating the threshold authenticity limits of these parameters which, for the first time, were estimated in this paper. In addition, on part of the samples analysed through SIR, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed as simple and rapid discrimination methods due to limited technological resources. Samples having <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values above −14.2‰ and below −125.1‰ can be considered as authentic fungal chitosan without needing to analyse other parameters. If the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C value falls between −25.1‰ and −24.9‰, it is necessary to proceed further with the evaluation of the parameter <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, which must be above +2.7‰. Samples having <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values lower than +25.3‰ can be considered as authentic fungal chitosan. The combination of maximum degradation temperatures (obtained using TGA) and peak areas of Amide I and NH<sub>2</sub>/Amide II (obtained using FTIR) also allows the discrimination between the two origins of the polysaccharide. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) based on TGA, FTIR and SIR data successfully distributed the tested samples into informative clusters. Therefore, we present the technologies described as part of a robust analytical strategy for the correct identification of chitosan samples from crustaceans or fungi.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4324stable isotope ratio analysisFourier transform infrared spectrometryfungal and crustacean chitosanorigin identificationthermogravimetric analysis |
| spellingShingle | Elodie Claverie Matteo Perini Rob C. A. Onderwater Silvia Pianezze Roberto Larcher Stéphanie Roosa Bopha Yada Ruddy Wattiez Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan Molecules stable isotope ratio analysis Fourier transform infrared spectrometry fungal and crustacean chitosan origin identification thermogravimetric analysis |
| title | Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan |
| title_full | Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan |
| title_short | Multiple Technology Approach Based on Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Ensure the Fungal Origin of the Chitosan |
| title_sort | multiple technology approach based on stable isotope ratio analysis fourier transform infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis to ensure the fungal origin of the chitosan |
| topic | stable isotope ratio analysis Fourier transform infrared spectrometry fungal and crustacean chitosan origin identification thermogravimetric analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4324 |
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