Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictive public health measures have seriously affected mental health of society. Social, psychological, and health-related factors have been linked to anxiety in the general population.AimWe investigate the association of various sociopsychological and hea...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.854812/full |
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| author | Jelena Vrublevska Jelena Vrublevska Viktorija Perepjolkina Kristine Martinsone Jelena Kolesnikova Ilona Krone Daria Smirnova Daria Smirnova Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis Elmars Rancans |
| author_facet | Jelena Vrublevska Jelena Vrublevska Viktorija Perepjolkina Kristine Martinsone Jelena Kolesnikova Ilona Krone Daria Smirnova Daria Smirnova Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis Elmars Rancans |
| author_sort | Jelena Vrublevska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictive public health measures have seriously affected mental health of society. Social, psychological, and health-related factors have been linked to anxiety in the general population.AimWe investigate the association of various sociopsychological and health-related determinants of anxiety and identify the predicting factors for anxiety in the general population during the COVID-19 state of emergency from in Latvia.MethodsWe conducted an online survey using a randomized stratified sample of the general adult population in July 2020 for 3 weeks. Anxiety symptoms were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S). Sociodemographic, health-related, sociopsychological characteristics and suicidality were identified using the structured questionnaire. The statistical analysis included Pearson's chi-square test, post hoc analysis, and binomial logistic regression.ResultsThe weighted study sample included 2,608 participants. The mean STAY-S score of the total sample was 22.88 ± 12.25. In the total sample, 15.2% (n = 398) of participants were classified as having anxiety. The odds ratio (OR) of having anxiety was higher in females (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.75–3.33) and people who had experienced mental health problems in the past (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.03–2.04), had suicide attempt in the past (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.08–2.59), were worried about their health status due to COVID-19 (OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.36–1.16), were worried about stigmatization from others if infected with COVID-19 (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.03–1.35), were worried about information regarding COVID-19 from the Internet (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.43), persons who were lonely (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.54–2.34), and persons with negative problem orientation (OR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.06–1.51). Protective factors were identified as having good self-rated general health (OR = 0.68, 95 % CI 0.58–0.81), maintaining a daily routine (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI 0.61–0.90), having financial stability (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI 0.55–0.79), and having good psychological resilience (OR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.87–0.94).ConclusionsThis is the first study to report a prevalence of anxiety in the general population of Latvia. Certain factors that predict anxiety, as well as protective factors were identified. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T16:19:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0da247275aaf45e3a2fb93e7ab1b7553 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T16:19:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-0da247275aaf45e3a2fb93e7ab1b75532022-12-22T03:25:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652022-06-011010.3389/fpubh.2022.854812854812Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of EmergencyJelena Vrublevska0Jelena Vrublevska1Viktorija Perepjolkina2Kristine Martinsone3Jelena Kolesnikova4Ilona Krone5Daria Smirnova6Daria Smirnova7Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis8Elmars Rancans9Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaInstitute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaFaculty of Communication, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaDepartment of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaDepartment of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaDepartment of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaInternational Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, RussiaDepartment of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LatviaBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictive public health measures have seriously affected mental health of society. Social, psychological, and health-related factors have been linked to anxiety in the general population.AimWe investigate the association of various sociopsychological and health-related determinants of anxiety and identify the predicting factors for anxiety in the general population during the COVID-19 state of emergency from in Latvia.MethodsWe conducted an online survey using a randomized stratified sample of the general adult population in July 2020 for 3 weeks. Anxiety symptoms were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S). Sociodemographic, health-related, sociopsychological characteristics and suicidality were identified using the structured questionnaire. The statistical analysis included Pearson's chi-square test, post hoc analysis, and binomial logistic regression.ResultsThe weighted study sample included 2,608 participants. The mean STAY-S score of the total sample was 22.88 ± 12.25. In the total sample, 15.2% (n = 398) of participants were classified as having anxiety. The odds ratio (OR) of having anxiety was higher in females (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.75–3.33) and people who had experienced mental health problems in the past (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.03–2.04), had suicide attempt in the past (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.08–2.59), were worried about their health status due to COVID-19 (OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.36–1.16), were worried about stigmatization from others if infected with COVID-19 (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.03–1.35), were worried about information regarding COVID-19 from the Internet (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.43), persons who were lonely (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.54–2.34), and persons with negative problem orientation (OR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.06–1.51). Protective factors were identified as having good self-rated general health (OR = 0.68, 95 % CI 0.58–0.81), maintaining a daily routine (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI 0.61–0.90), having financial stability (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI 0.55–0.79), and having good psychological resilience (OR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.87–0.94).ConclusionsThis is the first study to report a prevalence of anxiety in the general population of Latvia. Certain factors that predict anxiety, as well as protective factors were identified.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.854812/fullanxietyCOVID-19pandemicgeneral populationmental healthpredictors |
| spellingShingle | Jelena Vrublevska Jelena Vrublevska Viktorija Perepjolkina Kristine Martinsone Jelena Kolesnikova Ilona Krone Daria Smirnova Daria Smirnova Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis Elmars Rancans Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency Frontiers in Public Health anxiety COVID-19 pandemic general population mental health predictors |
| title | Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency |
| title_full | Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency |
| title_fullStr | Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency |
| title_short | Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency |
| title_sort | determinants of anxiety in the general latvian population during the covid 19 state of emergency |
| topic | anxiety COVID-19 pandemic general population mental health predictors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.854812/full |
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