Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke
Stroke constitutes the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide while also impacting the world economy, triggering substantial financial burden in national health systems. High levels of blood glucose, homocysteine, and cholesterol are causative factors for atherothrombosis. These m...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Neurology International |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/15/1/11 |
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| author | Charalampos Papadopoulos Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos Dimitrios Tsiptsios Stella Karatzetzou Eirini Liaptsi Irene Zacharo Lazaridou Christos Kokkotis Evangelia Makri Maria Ioannidou Nikolaos Aggelousis Konstantinos Vadikolias |
| author_facet | Charalampos Papadopoulos Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos Dimitrios Tsiptsios Stella Karatzetzou Eirini Liaptsi Irene Zacharo Lazaridou Christos Kokkotis Evangelia Makri Maria Ioannidou Nikolaos Aggelousis Konstantinos Vadikolias |
| author_sort | Charalampos Papadopoulos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stroke constitutes the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide while also impacting the world economy, triggering substantial financial burden in national health systems. High levels of blood glucose, homocysteine, and cholesterol are causative factors for atherothrombosis. These molecules induce erythrocyte dysfunction, which can culminate in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, thrombus stabilization, and post-stroke hypoxia. Glucose, toxic lipids, and homocysteine result in erythrocyte oxidative stress. This leads to phosphatidylserine exposure, promoting phagocytosis. Phagocytosis by endothelial cells, intraplaque macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to the expansion of the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, oxidative stress-induced erythrocytes and endothelial cell arginase upregulation limit the pool for nitric oxide synthesis, leading to endothelial activation. Increased arginase activity may also lead to the formation of polyamines, which limit the deformability of red blood cells, hence facilitating erythrophagocytosis. Erythrocytes can also participate in the activation of platelets through the release of ADP and ATP and the activation of death receptors and pro-thrombin. Damaged erythrocytes can also associate with neutrophil extracellular traps and subsequently activate T lymphocytes. In addition, reduced levels of CD47 protein in the surface of red blood cells can also lead to erythrophagocytosis and a reduced association with fibrinogen. In the ischemic tissue, impaired erythrocyte 2,3 biphosphoglycerate, because of obesity or aging, can also favor hypoxic brain inflammation, while the release of damage molecules can lead to further erythrocyte dysfunction and death. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:04:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0dcaf69ccb4d446f83bf4e851cd434a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2035-8377 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:04:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Neurology International |
| spelling | doaj.art-0dcaf69ccb4d446f83bf4e851cd434a12023-11-17T13:02:25ZengMDPI AGNeurology International2035-83772023-01-0115112413910.3390/neurolint15010011Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic StrokeCharalampos Papadopoulos0Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos1Dimitrios Tsiptsios2Stella Karatzetzou3Eirini Liaptsi4Irene Zacharo Lazaridou5Christos Kokkotis6Evangelia Makri7Maria Ioannidou8Nikolaos Aggelousis9Konstantinos Vadikolias10Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceLaboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDepartment of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDepartment of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDepartment of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDepartment of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, GreeceDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, GreeceDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, GreeceDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, GreeceDepartment of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceStroke constitutes the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide while also impacting the world economy, triggering substantial financial burden in national health systems. High levels of blood glucose, homocysteine, and cholesterol are causative factors for atherothrombosis. These molecules induce erythrocyte dysfunction, which can culminate in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, thrombus stabilization, and post-stroke hypoxia. Glucose, toxic lipids, and homocysteine result in erythrocyte oxidative stress. This leads to phosphatidylserine exposure, promoting phagocytosis. Phagocytosis by endothelial cells, intraplaque macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to the expansion of the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, oxidative stress-induced erythrocytes and endothelial cell arginase upregulation limit the pool for nitric oxide synthesis, leading to endothelial activation. Increased arginase activity may also lead to the formation of polyamines, which limit the deformability of red blood cells, hence facilitating erythrophagocytosis. Erythrocytes can also participate in the activation of platelets through the release of ADP and ATP and the activation of death receptors and pro-thrombin. Damaged erythrocytes can also associate with neutrophil extracellular traps and subsequently activate T lymphocytes. In addition, reduced levels of CD47 protein in the surface of red blood cells can also lead to erythrophagocytosis and a reduced association with fibrinogen. In the ischemic tissue, impaired erythrocyte 2,3 biphosphoglycerate, because of obesity or aging, can also favor hypoxic brain inflammation, while the release of damage molecules can lead to further erythrocyte dysfunction and death.https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/15/1/11erythrocyteischemic strokeatherothrombosislipotoxicityglucotoxicityhomocysteine |
| spellingShingle | Charalampos Papadopoulos Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos Dimitrios Tsiptsios Stella Karatzetzou Eirini Liaptsi Irene Zacharo Lazaridou Christos Kokkotis Evangelia Makri Maria Ioannidou Nikolaos Aggelousis Konstantinos Vadikolias Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke Neurology International erythrocyte ischemic stroke atherothrombosis lipotoxicity glucotoxicity homocysteine |
| title | Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke |
| title_full | Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke |
| title_fullStr | Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke |
| title_short | Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke |
| title_sort | unexplored roles of erythrocytes in atherothrombotic stroke |
| topic | erythrocyte ischemic stroke atherothrombosis lipotoxicity glucotoxicity homocysteine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/15/1/11 |
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