Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity
Computer simulations using a dynamic model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system, involving the P<sub>i</sub>-double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue, demonstrate that the training-induced increase in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/11/1111 |
| _version_ | 1797458420086865920 |
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| author | Bernard Korzeniewski |
| author_facet | Bernard Korzeniewski |
| author_sort | Bernard Korzeniewski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Computer simulations using a dynamic model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system, involving the P<sub>i</sub>-double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue, demonstrate that the training-induced increase in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub>, increase in critical power (CP) and acceleration of primary phase II of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on kinetics (decrease in t<sub>0.63</sub>) is caused by elevated OXPHOS activity acting through a decrease in and slowing of the P<sub>i</sub> (inorganic phosphate) rise during the rest-to-work transition. This change leads to attenuation of the reaching by P<sub>i</sub> of Pi<sub>peak</sub>, peak P<sub>i</sub> at which exercise is terminated because of fatigue. The delayed (in time and in relation to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> increase) P<sub>i</sub> rise for a given power output (PO) in trained muscle causes P<sub>i</sub> to reach Pi<sub>peak</sub> (in very heavy exercise) after a longer time and at a higher <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub>; thus, exercise duration is lengthened, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> is elevated compared to untrained muscle. The diminished P<sub>i</sub> increase during exercise with a given PO can cause P<sub>i</sub> to stabilize at a steady state less than P<sub>ipeak</sub>, and exercise can continue potentially ad infinitum (heavy exercise), instead of rising unceasingly and ultimately reaching Pi<sub>peak</sub> and causing exercise termination (very heavy exercise). This outcome means that CP rises, as the given PO is now less than, and not greater than CP. Finally, the diminished P<sub>i</sub> increase (and other metabolite changes) results in, at a given PO (moderate exercise), the steady state of fluxes (including <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub>) and metabolites being reached faster; thus, t<sub>0.63</sub> is shortened. This effect of elevated OXPHOS activity is possibly somewhat diminished by the training-induced decrease in Pi<sub>peak</sub>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:36:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0e0b3409f91a4a65b8aa7fd91ab752b7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:36:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-0e0b3409f91a4a65b8aa7fd91ab752b72023-11-24T14:55:21ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892023-10-011311111110.3390/metabo13111111Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS ActivityBernard Korzeniewski0BioSimulation Center, PL 30-110 Kraków, PolandComputer simulations using a dynamic model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system, involving the P<sub>i</sub>-double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue, demonstrate that the training-induced increase in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub>, increase in critical power (CP) and acceleration of primary phase II of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on kinetics (decrease in t<sub>0.63</sub>) is caused by elevated OXPHOS activity acting through a decrease in and slowing of the P<sub>i</sub> (inorganic phosphate) rise during the rest-to-work transition. This change leads to attenuation of the reaching by P<sub>i</sub> of Pi<sub>peak</sub>, peak P<sub>i</sub> at which exercise is terminated because of fatigue. The delayed (in time and in relation to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> increase) P<sub>i</sub> rise for a given power output (PO) in trained muscle causes P<sub>i</sub> to reach Pi<sub>peak</sub> (in very heavy exercise) after a longer time and at a higher <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub>; thus, exercise duration is lengthened, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> is elevated compared to untrained muscle. The diminished P<sub>i</sub> increase during exercise with a given PO can cause P<sub>i</sub> to stabilize at a steady state less than P<sub>ipeak</sub>, and exercise can continue potentially ad infinitum (heavy exercise), instead of rising unceasingly and ultimately reaching Pi<sub>peak</sub> and causing exercise termination (very heavy exercise). This outcome means that CP rises, as the given PO is now less than, and not greater than CP. Finally, the diminished P<sub>i</sub> increase (and other metabolite changes) results in, at a given PO (moderate exercise), the steady state of fluxes (including <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub>) and metabolites being reached faster; thus, t<sub>0.63</sub> is shortened. This effect of elevated OXPHOS activity is possibly somewhat diminished by the training-induced decrease in Pi<sub>peak</sub>.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/11/1111endurance traininginorganic phosphate<named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm22"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2max</sub>critical power<named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm23"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2</sub> on-kineticsmetabolite homeostasis |
| spellingShingle | Bernard Korzeniewski Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity Metabolites endurance training inorganic phosphate <named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm22"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2max</sub> critical power <named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm23"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2</sub> on-kinetics metabolite homeostasis |
| title | Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity |
| title_full | Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity |
| title_fullStr | Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity |
| title_short | Training-Induced Increase in <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2max</sub> and Critical Power, and Acceleration of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo stretchy="false">·</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<sub>2</sub> on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P<sub>i</sub> Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity |
| title_sort | training induced increase in inline formula math display inline semantics mrow mover mi mathvariant normal v mi mo stretchy false · mo mover mrow semantics math inline formula o sub 2max sub and critical power and acceleration of inline formula math display inline semantics mrow mover mi mathvariant normal v mi mo stretchy false · mo mover mrow semantics math inline formula o sub 2 sub on kinetics result from attenuated p sub i sub increase caused by elevated oxphos activity |
| topic | endurance training inorganic phosphate <named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm22"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2max</sub> critical power <named-content content-type="inline"><inline-formula> <mml:math display="block" id="mm23"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">·</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>O<sub>2</sub> on-kinetics metabolite homeostasis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/11/1111 |
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